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The Medici family was heavily involved in the banking industry thus resulting in their becoming the most powerful family in Florentine affairs from 1418 until 1494

Florence was considered to be the most preeminent Italian city-state in the fifteenth-century

The Sacrifice of Isaac, a story from the Hebrew Bible was the assigned topic for the competition to create a new set of doors for the north entrance to the Baptistery at Florence’s Duomo

Filippo Brunelleschi produced the winning design for the dome of Florence Cathedral

When composing the Nuper rosarum flores, a motet reflecting “ideal proportions”, Guillaume Dufay had the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem in mind

Brunelleschi’s investigation of optics in Arab science also contributed to his understanding, particularly Alhazen’s Perspectiva, which integrated the classical works of: Euclid, Ptolemy, and Galen

In Masaccio’s The Tribute Money, the Apostle Peter appears three times

Christ tells St. Peter to catch a fish

St. Peter catching a fish in the Sea of Galilee

St. Peter paying the tax collector

The Medici family supported the rebuilding of the Old monastery of San Marco for the Dominican Order, the room sections added were a library, cloister, chapter room, bell tower, and altarpiece

Marsilio Ficino is credited for having coined the term “Platonic love”

Lorenzo, grandson of Cosimo Medici was known as il magnifico - “the Magnificent”

Humanists in Lorenzo’s court would have recognized Venus, in Botticelli’s Primavera as an allegorical figure representing the highest moral qualities 

Heinrich Isaac, humanist composer of Lorenzo Medici, taught music to Lorenzo’s son, served as organist and choirmaster at Florence cathedral, and, before he knew it found himself collaboration with Lorenzo writing songs for popular festivals

Pico della Mirandola is the author of Oration on the Dignity of Man, which is considered one of the greatest manifestos of humanism

Federico da Montefeltro financed his lifestyle as a mercenary soldier who was a valuable and highly paid ally to whoever could afford both him and his army

The Book of the Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione recounts conversations and debates among humanists in the Montefeltro court

Leonardo de Vinci’s The Last Supper is located on the north wall of the refectory of the Dominican monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie

Pope Martin V is credited with bringing the papacy back to Rome for good, it became something of a papal duty to restore the city to its former greatness

After being elected pope, Julius II commissioned architect Donato Barmante to renovate the Vatican Palace and to serve as chief architect to replace Saint Peter’s Basilica with a new church

Even though located in Rome, San Pietro in Montorio is associated with the nation of Spain

The Tempietto was designed by Bramante

The Tempietto was built on the site of Saint Peter’s martyrdom

The characteristics that contributed to the making of the Tempietto are

It’s classical reference

Its incorporation of original classical Roman columns into its architectural scheme

The mathematical orderliness of its parts

To finance the construction of the new Saint Peter’s Basilica, Pope Julis II sold indulgences

Martin Luther launched the Protestant Reformation in Germany in protest against the sale of indulgences

In the city of Florence, Girolamo Savonarola organize troops of children to collect the city’s “vanities” which were burned in giant bonfires

The city of Florence commissioned Michelangelo to create a freestanding statue of David using a huge cracked block of marble

Throughout the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel Michelangelo includes the della Rovere heraldic symbols of oak and acorn to symbolize the patronage of Pope Julius II

Pope Julius II hired Raphael to paint his private rooms in the Vatican Palace

Aristotle and Plato are the central figure in Raphael’s School of Athens

Pope Sixtus IV us credited with establishing the Sistine Chapel Choir

Josquin des Prez composed the Pange lingua mass

The author of The Prince was Niccolo Machiavelli

In the book, The Prince, Machiavelli writes that the prince’s chief preoccupation and primary duty was to wage war

Machiavelli argues that the prince, once engaged in war, has three alternatives for controlling a state once he has conquered it He can devastate it, Live in it, or Allow it to keep its own laws

The lion is the symbol of the Venetian republic

The Lombards forced the local populations of the Po River delta to flee to the swampy lagoon islands that would later become the city of Venice

Venice considered itself blessed by Saint Mark, whose relics resided in the cathedral of Saint Mark’s

The Contarini family is associated with Venice’s Ca’ d’Oro

According to Vasari, Giorgione did not make preliminary drawings for his paintings

The painting, Pastoral Concert, includes a fully clothed nobleman playing a lute while a nude woman plays the flute

The painting, Venus of Urbino, includes a dog sleeping on white sheets

Madalena Casulana was the first professional woman composer to see her own compositions in print

Ferrara housed the “Ensemble of Ladies,” which attracted many of the most prominent madrigal composers of the day

Adrian Willaert served as choirmaster of St. Mark’s in Venice

Adrian Willaert set to music in the madrigals of New Music the sonnets of Petrarch

The toccata is also known as a “virtuoso prelude,” designed to feature both the range of the organ and the dexterity of the organist

Palladio was careful student if Vitruvius, sharing an interest with Leonardo

The Pantheon in Rome served as the model for the central dome of Palladio’s La Rotunda