AMSCO Chapter 27

Election of 1952

Eisenhower and Stephenson; First election to use TV political ads for both parties

Election of 1956

Eisenhower re-elected: ended Korean "War" and balanced budget

Dwight D. Eisenhower

American General who began in North Africa and became the Commander of Allied forces in Europe.

Adlai Stevenson

United States politician and diplomat (1900-1968) ran against Eisenhower twice and lost

Richard Nixon

Vice President under Eisenhower and 37th President of the United States

Department of Health

Oversees hospitals, to assure compliance with laws

Department of Education

Created to help states establish effective school systems

Department of Welfare

Created by Eisenhower in 1953, headed by first woman in republican cabinet, Oveta Hobby

Soil-bank Program

the reduction of production of basic crops, maintaining farm income, and conserving soil

Highway Act (1956)

Creates interstate highway system for nuclear war not just for transportation

John Foster Dulles

Eisenhower's tough-talking secretary of state who wanted to "roll back" communism

Brinkmanship

the willingness to go to the brink of war to force an opponent to back down

Massive Retaliation

The doctrine upon which Eisenhower and Dulles based American nuclear policy in the 1950s

Decolonization

The process by which former colonies gain their independence from the mother country

India

Granted independence from Great Britain in 1947

Pakistan

Portion of india that split off due to religious differences in 1947

Third World

Term applied to a group of developing countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War.

Cia

Central Intelligence Agency created during the Cold war for espionage.

Iranian Overthrow

CIA supported Coup in Iran 1953

Korean Armistice

July 27th, 1953 - divided Korea into two nations at the 38th parallel

Indochina

a French colony comprised of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam; it won independence from France in 1954

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam

Geneva Conference

International meeting in Switzerland to restore peace in Indochina

Division of Vietnam

The 17th parallel was the latitude line marking the border of North and South Vietnam.

Domino Theory

The US theory that stated, if one country would fall to Communism then they all would.

Southeast Asia Treat Organiation

Put together by Dulles to prevent southeast Asian countries from falling to communism

State of Isreal

Created by U.N after World War 2, major tensions between Isreal and Palestine

Arab Nationalism

Feeling of loyalty among Arab nations based on a common religion, language, and history

Suez Canal Crisis

Egypt would accept aid from the Soviet Union to defend itself

Eisenhower Doctrine

Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

An international oil cartel dominated by an Arab majority, joined together to protect themselves.

Atoms of peace

Plan by Eisenhower to slow arms race and cold war tensions

Spirit of Geneva

Cultural, economic and scientific exchanges renewed at this 1954 conference

Open Skies

Free fly zones over USSR and US

Nikita Krushchev

Leader of the Soviet union during the building of the Berlin Wall and the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Peaceful Coexistence

Khrushchev's proposal that the U.S. and U.S.S.R. could compromise and learn to live with each other.

Hungarian revolt

Imre Nagy tried to pull his country out of the Warsaw Pact and the Soviets launched a mass assault

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance, formed in 1955, of the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite nations.

Sputnik

October, 1957 - The first artificial satellite sent into space, launched by the Soviets.

NDEA

Billions of dollars poured into math and science following Sputnik.

NASA

Formed to create satellites and missiles to compete with the USSR after Sputnik.

U-2 Incident

The shooting down of an American spy plane over the Soviet Union in 1960

Cuba

Fell to communism during 1959 revolution by Fidel Castro, dictator Batista was overthrown

Military Industrial Complex

The close association of the federal government, the military, and defense industries

Jackie Robinson

first African American to play in Major League Baseball

Causes of Movement

Movement of african americans to urban areas in then 1950s

NAACP

an interest group founded in 1910 to promote civil rights for African Americans

Desegragation

to end the seperation of races

Thurgood Mashall

first African American justice 1967

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 case that overturned Separate but Equal standard of discrimination in education.

Earl Warren

United States jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1891-1974)

Southern Manifesto

1956, Opposition of Southern congressmen to Brown v. Board of Education decision

Little Rock Crisis

students were prevented from entering the racially segregated school; military sent by Eisenhower to protect them

Rosa Parks

Secretary of NAACP, spurred the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1955 protest action to end segregation on buses in Montgomery, Alabama

Martin Luther King Jr.

led the 13 month long boycott of public buses, successfully ending the city's segregated bus system

Civil Rights Act of 1957

The first Civil Rights Bill passed since Reconstruction; focused on voting rights and desegregation

Civil Rights Act of 1960

Created federal voting referees who helped correct conditions to prevent voter discrimination

Civil Rights Commission

A commission designed to help to improve civil rights in segregated areas

Southern Christian Leadership Conferance

1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means

Nonviolent Protest

a peaceful way of protesting against restrictive racial policies

Sit-In Movement

Sit-ins started in Greensboro, North Carolina to peacefully protest segregation in restaurants, etc.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism

Immigration Issues

border issues, competition for jobs, bilingual education, use of government services

Operation Wetback

The roundup of Mexican immigrants for deportation during the 1950's

Homogeneity

the quality of being similar or comparable in kind or nature

Popular culture

Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population

Paperbacks

started in 1940s, sales exceeded hardbacks in 1960 and today makes up about 60% of the market

Television

1950's, social change, televisions became the center of family entertainment and information

Rock and roll

music that grew out of rhythm and blues and that became popular in the 1950s

Consumer Culture

Created by advertisement, and began American's need to buy things.

Fast Food

Edibles that can be prepared and served very quickly in packaged form in a restaurant; instant gratification

Credit Cards

Began to be used in the 1950s allowing people to buy now, pay later

Conglomerates

Major corporation that owns smaller companies in unrelated industries

Social Critics

People who didn't agree with the social changes of the 1950's

The Lonely Crowd

Written by Joseph Riesman, it described the effect of advertising on people

The Affluent Society

John Kenneth Galbraith's novel about America's post-war prosperity as a new phenomenon.

The Catcher in the rye

1951 book by J.D Salinger, popular among adolescents

Catch-22

Any situation where you lose no matter which decision you make.

Beatniks

criticized society with unusual writing styles and rebellious behavior