AQA A-Level PE Paper 1 Topics

fitness

the ability to cope with the demands made during an individual day to day life

cardiac output

The volume of blood pumped out from the hearts left ventricles in one minute. stroke volume x heart rate

stroke volume

the volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each contraction

heart rate

number of beats per minute

bradycardia

resting heart rate below 60bpm

venous return

the volume of blood returned to the hearts right atrium per min via the veins

max heart rate

220-age

starlings law

greater stretch leads to the greater the force of contraction, the greater the ejection faction/stroke vol

cardiac hypertrophy

increased cardiac muscle mass

cardiac conduction system

a group of specialised cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the heart that send signals to the heart tissue

sinoatrial node

pacemaker of the heart

atrioventricular node

where the impulse pauses in the cardiac conduction system

sympathetic

'Fight or flight' - speeds up heart rate

Parasympathetic

Maintains heart rate at rest - slows down heart rate

Anticipatory Rise

Increase in heart rate in anticipation of an event

Myogenic

generated within muscle tissue

vascular shunting

Blood can be redistributed to body parts

Chemoreceptors

Detect changes in chemicals eg CO2, lactic acid

medulla oblongata

In the brain, where Cardiac control centre and respiratory control centre are found

tidal volume

Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs per breath

inspiratory reserve volume

maximum amount of air that can be forcebly inspired in addition to tidal volume

expiratory reserve volume

maximum amount of air that can be forcibly expired in addition to tidal volume

vital capacity

Maximum volume of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration

residual volume

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration

total lung capacity

vital capacity + residual volume

minute ventilation

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs per min

bohr shift

when an increase in CO2 acidity and temperature results in a reduction of the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen. graph shifts to the right.

role of the inspiratory centre

responsible for inspiration and expiration

role of the expiratory centre

stimulates the expiratory muscles during exercise

The order of neural/chemical control for increased inspiration during exercise is:

Receptors - medulla oblongata - phrenic nerve - inspiratory muscles (diaphragm, external intercostals, scalenes and pectoralis minor)

The order of neural/chemical control for expiration during exercise is:

Receptors - medulla oblongata - intercostal nerve - abdominals and internal intercostals

ball and socket

a joint that allows movement in every direction

hinge joints

a joint that that allows movement in only one direction

sagittal plane

a vertical plane that divides the body into a right and left half elbow and knee

frontal plane

a vertical plane dividing the body into the front and back.

transverse plane

a horizontal plane which divides the body into upper and lower halves

agonist

The muscle responsible for the movement that is occurring

antagonist

the muscle that works in opposition to the agonist

Name the agonist & antagonist in elbow flexion

agonist - Biceps

antagonist - Triceps

Name the agonist & antagonist in elbow extension

agonist - Triceps

antagonist - Biceps

Name the agonist & antagonist in ankle plantar-flexion

agonist - Gastrocnemius

antagonist - Tibialis anterior

Name the agonist & antagonist in ankle dorsi-flexion

agonist - Tibialis anterior

antagonist - Gastrocnemius

Name the agonist & antagonist in knee flexion

agonist - Hamstrings

antagonist - Quadriceps

Name the agonist & antagonist in knee extension

agonist - Quadriceps

antagonist - Hamstrings

Name the agonist & antagonist in Hip flexion

agonist - Hip flexors

antagonist - Gluteals

Name the agonist & antagonist in Hip extension/hyper-extension

agonist - Gluteals

antagonist - Hip flexors

Name the agonist & antagonist in hip adduction

agonist - Adductors

antagonist - Tensor fascia latae/gluteals

Name the agonist & antagonist in hip abduction

agonist - Tensor fascia latae/gluteals

antagonist - Adductors

Name the agonist & antagonist in hip horizontal adduction

agonist - Adductors

antagonist - Tensor fascia latae/gluteals

Name the agonist & antagonist in hip horizontal abduction

agonist - Tensor fascia latae/gluteals

antagonist - Adductors

Name the agonist & antagonist in shoulder flexion

agonist - Anterior deltoid

antagonist - Latissimus dorsi

Name the agonist & antagonist in shoulder extension/hyper-extension

agonist - Latissimus dorsi

antagonist - Anterior deltoid

Name the agonist & antagonist in shoulder horizontal abduction

agonist - Latissimus dorsi

antagonist - Pectorals

Name the agonist & antagonist in shoulder horizontal adduction

agonist - Pectorals

antagonist - Latissimus dorsi

Name the agonist & antagonist in shoulder adduction

agonist - Latissimus dorsi/posterior deltoid

antagonist - medial Deltoid/supraspinatus

Name the agonist & antagonist in shoulder abduction

agonist - medial deltoid/supraspinatus

antagonist - Posterior deltoid/Latissimus dorsi

concentric contraction (Isotonic)

when a muscle shortens under tension

eccentric contraction (Isotonic)

when a muscle lengthens under tension

Isometric contraction

when a muscle contracts without lengthening or shortening

partial pressure

the pressure exerted by a gas within a mixture of gases

pressure gradient

the relative difference between the pressure within along a pressure gradient

Gaseous exchange

The movement of oxygen from the air into the blood, and carbon dioxide from blood into the air

diffusion

the net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration along a pressure gradient

what is the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli

100mmHg

identify structural features of alveoli & why

Thin walls (1 cell thick) - short diffusion pathway

Large surface area - greater opportunity for uptake of oxygen

extensive capillary network surround alveoli

what is the partial pressure of oxygen in the capillaries

40mmHg

low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

bad cholesterol - transports cholesterol in blood to tissues

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

good cholesterol - transports excess cholesterol in the blood back to the liver

Atherosclerosis

hardening and narrowing of the arteries - clogged up by fatty deposits

ischaemic strokes

occur when a blood clot stops the blood supply to the brain

Haemorragic stroke

occur when a blood vessel supplying the brain bursts

2 types of stroke

ischaemic and hemorrhagic

Stroke

Supply of blood to the brain is cut off

Order the in which cardiac impulse travels

SAN - impulse through atria - atrial systole - AVN - Bundle of His - Purkinje fibres - ventricular systole

Explain cardiovascular drift

Increases heart rate - decreases stroke volume - occurs after 10 min (in warm conditions) - caused by thickening of blood/loss of water through sweat - reduced venous return - therefore HR increases to maintain/increase cardiac output

vasodilation

widening of blood vessels

vasoconstriction

narrowing of blood vessels

veins

carry blood to the heart

Arteries

carry blood away from the heart

Capillaries

The smallest blood vessels, and the site of exchange of chemicals and water between the blood and the tissues

pulmonary ventilation

breathing

systole

contraction of heart

diastole

relaxation of heart

The skeletal muscle pump

when muscle contract, they squeeze against nearby veins causing a pump effect

the respiratory pump

when muscle contract & relax during breathing, pressure changes in the thoracic cavities compress the nearby veins and assist in pumping blood

pocket valves

ensures blood flows in 1 direction & prevents back flow

Gravity (in venous return mechanism)

Blood above the heart is assisted by gravity

what % of oxygen is dissolved in the plasma?

3%

what % of oxygen combines with haemoglobin

97%

when oxygen combines with haemoglobin it creates what

oxyhemoglobin

Arterio-venous difference (A-V02diff)

the difference in oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscle

Myoglobin

stores oxygen in the muscles and delivers it to mitochondria

Tidal volume will change in what way during exercise

increase

Min Ventilation will change in what way during exercise

Big increase

Inspiratory reserve volume will change in what way during exercise

decrease

Expiratory reserve volume will change in what way during exercise

slight decrease

Residual volume will change in what way during exercise

no change

adrenaline

the hormone that increases the breathing rate in preparation for exercise

Smoking causes:

irritation of trachea and bronchi

reduced lung function & increased breathlessness due to swelling and narrowing of lungs airways

damage to the cells lining the airways - leading to the build-up of mucus

reduction in efficiency of gaseous exchange

Functional characteristics of muscle fibres

Contraction speed

Motor neurone conduction capacity

Force produced

Fatigability

Aerobic capacity

Anaerobic capacity

Myosin ATPase enzyme activity