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aerosol spray
A solution containing an active ingredient with a propellant that is meant to carry the drug to the site of action
Caplet
A tablet shaped like a capsule, containing a solid inside
Capsules
A dosage form containing powder or liquid in a gelatin coating
Elixir
A flavored, sweetened hydroalcoholic solution
Emulsion
A dosage form made by the dispersion of one liquid into another that is immiscible
Extract
A potent dosage form containing a powder, ointment like form or solid produced by the evaporation of the aqueous solvent
Film
A dissolving oral drug strip made of hydrophilic polymers that is used for buccal or sublingual administration
Gel
A dosage formed from ultrafine particles in a liquid
Granules
An agglomerate of powder particles that form larger, free-flowing particles
Intradermal implant, pellet
a dosage form placed under the skin via minor surgery, allowing the drug to be released slowly
lozenges, pastilles, troches
a dosage form made with flavored or sweetened ingredients; generally designed to be dissolved in the mouth for a local effect
Micropump
a system of 5,000 to 10,000 microparticles contained within a tablet or capsule; each microparticle is released in the stomach and is able to deliver a drug over an extended period of time
Ointment
A water-in-oil semisolid preparation for external use
Powder
A solid dosage form that contains finely divided active ingredients packaged under pressure
Solution
A homogeneous liquid dosage form containing one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent
Spirit
An alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution containing volatile aromatic compounds
Suppository
A solid formulation intended for rectal or vaginal administration
Suspension
A desperation containing an insoluble solid in a liquid
Syrup
An aqueous solution containing sugar
Tablets
A molded or compressed dosage form containing active ingredients along with inert binder (inactive ingredients)
Tincture
an alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution
Transdermal patch
A percutaneous delivery system consisting of a permeable polymer membrane, backing, drug reservoir, adhesive layer, and protective strip
LA
Long Acting
ER
Extended release
DR
Delayed release
CR
controlled release
CD
Controlled delivery
XL, XR
extended release
TR
Timed release
SR
Sustained release
Therapeutic Equivalence
• Same active ingredients
• Same dosage form
• Same route of administration
• Identical in strength/concentration
• May differ in shape, scoring configuration, packaging, and color
• Must have same clinical effect
• Good Example : Zestril = lisinopril
• Bad Example : Lopid = Lipitor
Drug-Disease Interactions
Various diseases may inhibit the absorption, metabolism, and elimination of different drugs.
- metabolized by the liver and eliminated by the kidneys
- taking furosemide (Lasix) for blood pressure or congestive heart failure for patients with urinary incontinence
drug-drug interactions
- when ever two or more drugs are taken, there is a chance that there will be interactions
- may increase or decrease the effects of intended uses and side effects
- more drugs taken more likely interactions will occur
Drug-Dietary Supplements Interactions
consists of vitamins, minerals, herb, minerals or amino acids and are utilized to supplement the diet.
- supplements are sold over the counter
Drug-laboratory interactions
Drugs may cause misinterpretation of test results.
Testing may be conducted through the blood, urine, sputum, or other sample.
Drug-Nutrient Interactions
found in food or beverage (including alcohol), as well as nutrients in which the patient may have a deficiency.
Drug-Disease Interaction Examples:
NSAID: Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug class for Ibuprofen.
Going through heart failure
resulting in a worsening of heart failure
Drug-Drug Interaction Examples:
Omeprazole
Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI)
Clopidogrel
Antiplatelet Medication
Due to omeprazole's enzyme inhibition, increased reactivity of platelets, ameliorating, effect of clopidogrel. Myocardial infarction (i.e., a heart attack)
Drug-Dietary Supplement Interaction Examples:
Warfarin
resulted in heightened levels of depression and anxiety
Vitamin E, combined with warfarin
Life threatening bleed
Drug-Nutrient Interaction Examples:
Calcium found in milk products
Fluoroquinolone with active ingredients such as ciprofloxacin) decrease absorption of the antibiotic
Contraindication
patient taking aspirin, acts on our platelets, preventing clotting and promoting bleeding
Side effects of drugs
Headaches
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Dizziness
Muscle Pain
Weight Gain
Dry Mouth
Constipation
brand name
name it is given by the pharmaceutical company
generic name
is the therapeutic equivalent of the brand name of a drug, same active ingredient, strength and dosage form
Drug classification
A method of grouping drugs; may be based on structure or therapeutic use.
(Analgesic):
drug that relieves pain
Acetaminophen
Codeine
Morphine
Oxycodone
(Antacid):
Heartburn: Magnesium hydroxide
Acid reflux: Aluminum hydroxide
(Antianginal):
Chest pain due to reduced oxygen supply
Nitroglycerin
(Anticonvulsant):
Epilepsy
Valproate
(Antiepileptic):
Seizures
Carbamazepine
Ethosuximide
(SSRI):
Depression
Fluoxetine
Paroxetine
Sertraline
Citalopram
Escitalopram
Fluvoxamine
(Antipsychotic):
Schizophrenia
Bipolar disorder
Lithium
Clozapine
Risperidone
Olanzapine
Aripiprazole
(Anticoagulant):
prevents blood clotting
Warfarin
Heparin
Enoxaparin
(Antihistamine):
Allergies
Cetirizine
Diphenhydramine
Fexofenadine
Chlorpheniramine
Loratadine
(Antihypertensives):
hypertension (high blood pressure)
Beta blockers
- Metoprolol
Calcium channel blockers
- Verapamil
ACE inhibitors
- Ramipril
Diuretics
- Hydrochlorothiazide
Alpha blockers
- Terazosin
(Antibiotics):
Bacterial infections
Penicillin's
- Amoxicillin
- Ampicillin
Cephalosporins
- Ceftriaxone
- Cefazolin
- Cefdinir
Macrolides
- Clarithromycin
Tetracyclines
- Tetracycline
- Minocycline
Aminoglycosides
- Amikacin
- Gentamicin
(Antineoplastics):
Cancer
Cyclophosphamide
Etoposide
Doxorubicin
Cisplatin
(NSAID:
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs):
Inflammation
Ibuprofen
Aspirin
Naproxen
Celecoxib
Meloxicam
(Antitussive):
Cough
Dextromethorphan
(Antivirals:
viral infections
(acyclovir, interferon, oseltamivir)
(Bronchodilators):
Asthma
Albuterol
(Decongestants):
Relieve nasal congestion
Pseudoephedrine
Xylometazoline
Phenylephrine
(Diuretic):
Increase urine output
Furosemide
Hydrochlorothiazide
Amiloride
(Hormones):
Replace endogenous hormones in the body
Conjugated estrogens
Levothyroxine
Medroxyprogesterone
(Hypnotic):
Induce sleep
Zolpidem
Zaleplon
Zopiclone
(Sedative):
Reduce irritability
Benzodiazepines
(Tranquilizers) (Anxiolytics):
Reduce anxiety
Benzodiazepines
SSRIs
Antipsychotic drugs
(Proton-pump inhibitor):
Suppress abnormal rhythms of the heart
Quinidine
Lidocaine
Amiodarone
Verapamil
Diltiazem
(Biguanide):
Diabetes type 2
Metformin
(Taxanes):
Chemotherapy drugs
Paclitaxel
Docetaxel
(Nootropic):
Cognitive enhancers
Caffeine
Amphetamine
Methylphenidate
(Eugeroic):
excessive sleepiness (narcolepsy)
Modafinil
(MAO inhibitors):
Depression
Isocarboxazid
Selegiline
Tranylcypromine
(Statins):
High cholesterol
Atorvastatin
Simvastatin
Pravastatin
(PDE5 inhibitors):
Erectile dysfunction
Sildenafil
Tadalafil
(Expectorant):
Increase volume of airway secretions to encourage mucus expulsion from the respiratory tract.
Guaifenesin
(Antidote):
Reverse the toxic effects of drugs.
N-acetylcysteine
Activated charcoal
(Opioids):
Pain
Codeine
Morphine
Oxycodone
Tramadol
(Laxatives):
Constipation
Lactulose
Senna
Bisacodyl
(H2 antagonists):
Excessive acid production
Ranitidine
(Dopaminergic drugs):
Parkinson's disease
Levodopa
Ropinirole
Pramipexole
(Corticosteroids):
Inflammation
Airway inflammation
Skin inflammation
Prednisolone
Dexamethasone
Hydrocortisone
Beclometasone
(Bisphosphonates):
Osteoporosis
Alendronic acid
Zoledronic acid
Pamidronate
(Benzodiazepines):
Sedation
Anxiety
Seizures
Muscle relaxation
Diazepam
Midazolam
Nitrazepam
(Antimuscarinics):
Urinary frequency
Urinary urgency
Urge incontinence
Oxybutynin
Solifenacin
Tolterodine
(Antifungal drugs):
Fungal infections
Clotrimazole
Fluconazole
Ketoconazole
(Antiemetics):
Nausea/vomiting
Cyclizine
Promethazine
Prochlorperazine
Ondansetron
(ACE inhibitors):
Hypertension
Ramipril
Perindopril
Lisinopril
Xanthine oxidase inhibitors:
Gout
Allopurinol
Febuxostat
(Fluoroquinolones):
Bacterial infections
Ciprofloxacin
Moxifloxacin
Levofloxacin
(Antiretroviral drugs):
HIV
Tenofovir
Lamivudine
Stavudine
Efavirenz
Dolutegravir
(Phosphate binder):
High blood phosphate levels in patients with renal failure
Sevelamer
(Immunosuppressant):
Overactive immune response
Autoimmune disease
Organ transplant rejection
Azathioprine
Cyclosporine
(DMARD (Disease Modifying Anti-rheumatic Drug):
Rheumatoid arthritis
Crohn's disease
Methotrexate
Leflunomide
Rituximab
Infliximab
(Tetracyclines
Minocycline
Tetracycline):
Side Effects:
Enamel hypoplasia
Photosensitivity
Tooth discoloration
(Fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin
Moxifloxacin):
Side Effects:
Tendon damage / rupture
(Macrolides
Clarithromycin
Erythromycin):
QT prolongation
(Penicillins
Ampicillin
Amoxicillin):
Hypersensitivity reactions
(Warfarin
Heparin):
Increased risk of bleeding
(Corticosteroids
Prednisolone
Dexamethasone):
Side Effects:
Weight gain
Increased risk of infection
Diabetes mellitus
Osteoporosis