PTCB Medication Section

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220 Terms

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aerosol spray

A solution containing an active ingredient with a propellant that is meant to carry the drug to the site of action

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Caplet

A tablet shaped like a capsule, containing a solid inside

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Capsules

A dosage form containing powder or liquid in a gelatin coating

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Elixir

A flavored, sweetened hydroalcoholic solution

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Emulsion

A dosage form made by the dispersion of one liquid into another that is immiscible

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Extract

A potent dosage form containing a powder, ointment like form or solid produced by the evaporation of the aqueous solvent

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Film

A dissolving oral drug strip made of hydrophilic polymers that is used for buccal or sublingual administration

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Gel

A dosage formed from ultrafine particles in a liquid

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Granules

An agglomerate of powder particles that form larger, free-flowing particles

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Intradermal implant, pellet

a dosage form placed under the skin via minor surgery, allowing the drug to be released slowly

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lozenges, pastilles, troches

a dosage form made with flavored or sweetened ingredients; generally designed to be dissolved in the mouth for a local effect

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Micropump

a system of 5,000 to 10,000 microparticles contained within a tablet or capsule; each microparticle is released in the stomach and is able to deliver a drug over an extended period of time

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Ointment

A water-in-oil semisolid preparation for external use

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Powder

A solid dosage form that contains finely divided active ingredients packaged under pressure

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Solution

A homogeneous liquid dosage form containing one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent

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Spirit

An alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution containing volatile aromatic compounds

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Suppository

A solid formulation intended for rectal or vaginal administration

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Suspension

A desperation containing an insoluble solid in a liquid

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Syrup

An aqueous solution containing sugar

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Tablets

A molded or compressed dosage form containing active ingredients along with inert binder (inactive ingredients)

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Tincture

an alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution

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Transdermal patch

A percutaneous delivery system consisting of a permeable polymer membrane, backing, drug reservoir, adhesive layer, and protective strip

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LA

Long Acting

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ER

Extended release

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DR

Delayed release

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CR

controlled release

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CD

Controlled delivery

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XL, XR

extended release

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TR

Timed release

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SR

Sustained release

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Therapeutic Equivalence

• Same active ingredients

• Same dosage form

• Same route of administration

• Identical in strength/concentration

• May differ in shape, scoring configuration, packaging, and color

• Must have same clinical effect

• Good Example : Zestril = lisinopril

• Bad Example : Lopid = Lipitor

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Drug-Disease Interactions

Various diseases may inhibit the absorption, metabolism, and elimination of different drugs.

- metabolized by the liver and eliminated by the kidneys

- taking furosemide (Lasix) for blood pressure or congestive heart failure for patients with urinary incontinence

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drug-drug interactions

- when ever two or more drugs are taken, there is a chance that there will be interactions

- may increase or decrease the effects of intended uses and side effects

- more drugs taken more likely interactions will occur

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Drug-Dietary Supplements Interactions

consists of vitamins, minerals, herb, minerals or amino acids and are utilized to supplement the diet.

- supplements are sold over the counter

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Drug-laboratory interactions

Drugs may cause misinterpretation of test results.

Testing may be conducted through the blood, urine, sputum, or other sample.

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Drug-Nutrient Interactions

found in food or beverage (including alcohol), as well as nutrients in which the patient may have a deficiency.

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Drug-Disease Interaction Examples:

NSAID: Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug class for Ibuprofen.

Going through heart failure

resulting in a worsening of heart failure

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Drug-Drug Interaction Examples:

Omeprazole

Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI)

Clopidogrel

Antiplatelet Medication

Due to omeprazole's enzyme inhibition, increased reactivity of platelets, ameliorating, effect of clopidogrel. Myocardial infarction (i.e., a heart attack)

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Drug-Dietary Supplement Interaction Examples:

Warfarin

resulted in heightened levels of depression and anxiety

Vitamin E, combined with warfarin

Life threatening bleed

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Drug-Nutrient Interaction Examples:

Calcium found in milk products

Fluoroquinolone with active ingredients such as ciprofloxacin) decrease absorption of the antibiotic

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Contraindication

patient taking aspirin, acts on our platelets, preventing clotting and promoting bleeding

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Side effects of drugs

Headaches

Nausea

Vomiting

Diarrhea

Dizziness

Muscle Pain

Weight Gain

Dry Mouth

Constipation

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brand name

name it is given by the pharmaceutical company

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generic name

is the therapeutic equivalent of the brand name of a drug, same active ingredient, strength and dosage form

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Drug classification

A method of grouping drugs; may be based on structure or therapeutic use.

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(Analgesic):

drug that relieves pain

Acetaminophen

Codeine

Morphine

Oxycodone

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(Antacid):

Heartburn: Magnesium hydroxide

Acid reflux: Aluminum hydroxide

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(Antianginal):

Chest pain due to reduced oxygen supply

Nitroglycerin

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(Anticonvulsant):

Epilepsy

Valproate

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(Antiepileptic):

Seizures

Carbamazepine

Ethosuximide

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(SSRI):

Depression

Fluoxetine

Paroxetine

Sertraline

Citalopram

Escitalopram

Fluvoxamine

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(Antipsychotic):

Schizophrenia

Bipolar disorder

Lithium

Clozapine

Risperidone

Olanzapine

Aripiprazole

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(Anticoagulant):

prevents blood clotting

Warfarin

Heparin

Enoxaparin

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(Antihistamine):

Allergies

Cetirizine

Diphenhydramine

Fexofenadine

Chlorpheniramine

Loratadine

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(Antihypertensives):

hypertension (high blood pressure)

Beta blockers

- Metoprolol

Calcium channel blockers

- Verapamil

ACE inhibitors

- Ramipril

Diuretics

- Hydrochlorothiazide

Alpha blockers

- Terazosin

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(Antibiotics):

Bacterial infections

Penicillin's

- Amoxicillin

- Ampicillin

Cephalosporins

- Ceftriaxone

- Cefazolin

- Cefdinir

Macrolides

- Clarithromycin

Tetracyclines

- Tetracycline

- Minocycline

Aminoglycosides

- Amikacin

- Gentamicin

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(Antineoplastics):

Cancer

Cyclophosphamide

Etoposide

Doxorubicin

Cisplatin

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(NSAID:

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs):

Inflammation

Ibuprofen

Aspirin

Naproxen

Celecoxib

Meloxicam

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(Antitussive):

Cough

Dextromethorphan

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(Antivirals:

viral infections

(acyclovir, interferon, oseltamivir)

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(Bronchodilators):

Asthma

Albuterol

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(Decongestants):

Relieve nasal congestion

Pseudoephedrine

Xylometazoline

Phenylephrine

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(Diuretic):

Increase urine output

Furosemide

Hydrochlorothiazide

Amiloride

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(Hormones):

Replace endogenous hormones in the body

Conjugated estrogens

Levothyroxine

Medroxyprogesterone

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(Hypnotic):

Induce sleep

Zolpidem

Zaleplon

Zopiclone

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(Sedative):

Reduce irritability

Benzodiazepines

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(Tranquilizers) (Anxiolytics):

Reduce anxiety

Benzodiazepines

SSRIs

Antipsychotic drugs

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(Proton-pump inhibitor):

Suppress abnormal rhythms of the heart

Quinidine

Lidocaine

Amiodarone

Verapamil

Diltiazem

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(Biguanide):

Diabetes type 2

Metformin

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(Taxanes):

Chemotherapy drugs

Paclitaxel

Docetaxel

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(Nootropic):

Cognitive enhancers

Caffeine

Amphetamine

Methylphenidate

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(Eugeroic):

excessive sleepiness (narcolepsy)

Modafinil

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(MAO inhibitors):

Depression

Isocarboxazid

Selegiline

Tranylcypromine

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(Statins):

High cholesterol

Atorvastatin

Simvastatin

Pravastatin

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(PDE5 inhibitors):

Erectile dysfunction

Sildenafil

Tadalafil

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(Expectorant):

Increase volume of airway secretions to encourage mucus expulsion from the respiratory tract.

Guaifenesin

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(Antidote):

Reverse the toxic effects of drugs.

N-acetylcysteine

Activated charcoal

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(Opioids):

Pain

Codeine

Morphine

Oxycodone

Tramadol

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(Laxatives):

Constipation

Lactulose

Senna

Bisacodyl

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(H2 antagonists):

Excessive acid production

Ranitidine

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(Dopaminergic drugs):

Parkinson's disease

Levodopa

Ropinirole

Pramipexole

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(Corticosteroids):

Inflammation

Airway inflammation

Skin inflammation

Prednisolone

Dexamethasone

Hydrocortisone

Beclometasone

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(Bisphosphonates):

Osteoporosis

Alendronic acid

Zoledronic acid

Pamidronate

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(Benzodiazepines):

Sedation

Anxiety

Seizures

Muscle relaxation

Diazepam

Midazolam

Nitrazepam

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(Antimuscarinics):

Urinary frequency

Urinary urgency

Urge incontinence

Oxybutynin

Solifenacin

Tolterodine

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(Antifungal drugs):

Fungal infections

Clotrimazole

Fluconazole

Ketoconazole

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(Antiemetics):

Nausea/vomiting

Cyclizine

Promethazine

Prochlorperazine

Ondansetron

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(ACE inhibitors):

Hypertension

Ramipril

Perindopril

Lisinopril

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Xanthine oxidase inhibitors:

Gout

Allopurinol

Febuxostat

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(Fluoroquinolones):

Bacterial infections

Ciprofloxacin

Moxifloxacin

Levofloxacin

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(Antiretroviral drugs):

HIV

Tenofovir

Lamivudine

Stavudine

Efavirenz

Dolutegravir

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(Phosphate binder):

High blood phosphate levels in patients with renal failure

Sevelamer

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(Immunosuppressant):

Overactive immune response

Autoimmune disease

Organ transplant rejection

Azathioprine

Cyclosporine

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(DMARD (Disease Modifying Anti-rheumatic Drug):

Rheumatoid arthritis

Crohn's disease

Methotrexate

Leflunomide

Rituximab

Infliximab

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(Tetracyclines

Minocycline

Tetracycline):

Side Effects:

Enamel hypoplasia

Photosensitivity

Tooth discoloration

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(Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

Moxifloxacin):

Side Effects:

Tendon damage / rupture

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(Macrolides

Clarithromycin

Erythromycin):

QT prolongation

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(Penicillins

Ampicillin

Amoxicillin):

Hypersensitivity reactions

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(Warfarin

Heparin):

Increased risk of bleeding

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(Corticosteroids

Prednisolone

Dexamethasone):

Side Effects:

Weight gain

Increased risk of infection

Diabetes mellitus

Osteoporosis