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Transport Protein Function
Functions include cell-cell recognition, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, intercellular joining, and attachment for extracellular matrix.
Microtubules
The largest cytoskeletal components made up of tubulin, involved in the structure of centrioles, cilia, and flagella.
Microfilaments
The smallest cytoskeletal components composed of actin, involved in cytokinesis, muscle contraction, and formation of pseudopodia.
Small Nonpolar Molecules
Molecules that can cross cell membranes easily.
Polar Unchanged Molecules
Molecules that can pass through membranes in small amounts.
Hydrophobic Core
A membrane feature that prevents the passage of ions and large polar charged molecules.
Hypotonic
A solution condition where cells are lysed and turgid due to water influx.
Isotonic
A solution condition where cells are flaccid, with no net movement of water.
Hypertonic
A solution condition where cells are plasmolyzed due to water loss.
Cotransports
A type of secondary active transport that uses energy from an electrochemical gradient to move two different ions across a membrane.
Sumport
A transport mechanism where two different ions are moved in the same direction.
Antiport
A transport mechanism where two different ions are moved in opposite directions.
Membranes become polarized when
Ions move across them, creating a charge difference.
Osmolarity
The total solute concentration in a solution.
Tonicity
A measurement of the relative concentration of solute between two solutions.
Osmoregulation
The process that maintains water balance and controls internal solute composition.
Plasmolysis
A condition where there is less cellular solute and more cellular water potential.
Gap Junctions
Cytoplasmic channels that provide direct communication between adjacent cells.
Desmosomes
Structures that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets, anchored by intermediate filaments.
Tight Junctions
Connections where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are tightly pressed against each other to prevent leakage.
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
A network of glycoproteins and other carbohydrate-containing molecules secreted by cells.