Cardia and nervous

3 types of cardiovascular vessels

Arteries, veins, and capillaries

The heart lies within the middle mediastinum with

Pericardial sac

A heart is the size of

A mans loosely clenched fist

Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it from

The right ventricle to the lungs (pulmonary circulation )

Left atrium recieved oxygenated blood from the lungs and suds it it from the

left ventricle to The body ( systemic circulation )

Anterior view of the heart

A: sternocostal surface, B: Right border, C: Diaphragmatic surface, D: Left border, E: Apex

Anterior view of the heart

A: Right Auricle

B: right Atrium

C: Coronary sulcus

D: Right Ventricle

E: Anterior interventricular sulcus

F: L ventricle

Superior and inferior vena cava carry

Deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

Superior vena cava

Inferior vena cava

Right atrium internal anterolateral

A : Opening of superior vena cava

B: Fossa oval is

C: opening of coronary sinus

D: Inferior vena cava reflected

The right ventricle muscular wall is _____ than the left ventricle

Thinner

The right ventricle is characterized by the

Thick muscular elevation called the trabeculae Carneae

Three papillary muscles

Anterior, posterior and septal

Septomarginal trabecula is a

Feature of the right ventricle containing a part of the right bundle branch and extends from the interventricular septum to the anterior papillary muscle

Right ventricle internal anterior

A: Pulmonary trunk

B: chordae tendineae

C: Trabeculae carneae

D: Papillary muscle

The left atrium is smooth walled exceot for

Pectinate muscles in the auricle

4 pulmonary veins 2 ___ __and 2__ ___ that

Left

Right

Bring oxygenated blood from the lungs enter the atrium

Left atrium internal posterior

A ) left auricle

B) pectinate muscle

C) opening of pulmonary vessels

The left ventricle is __ __x__ _______ than the right ventricle

2x thicker

_____ __papillary muscles,__ __ __and__ __________. Which one is thicker

2

Anterior and Posterior

Anterior is thicker

___ _______ mitral valve

Double leaflet

Left ventricle internal left superolateral

A: Chordae Tendineae

B: Posterior papillary muscle

C: Trabeculae Carneae

D: Anterior papillary muscle

Pulmonary (__________) and aortic (___________) valves

Left and right

Heart superior

A) left semilunar (coronary) cusp

B) Right semilunar (coronary) cusp

C) Posterior semilunar (Non coronary) cusp

Aortic valve

Striated muscle, branched muscle fibers, central nuclei, joined by intercalated disks, acts to spread depolarization through intercalated disks

Myocardial muscle

What is the picture showing? What are the arrows pointing at?

Myocardial muscle

Arrows show intercalated disks

3 layers of blood vessels

Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia

Tunica intima

Innermost, endothelium and variable amount of CT

Tunica Media

Middle layer, mostly smooth muscle

Tunica adventitia

Outermost CT

A) Adventitia

B) Media

C) Intima

Arteries nearest the heart

Layers of the elastic tissue in the tunica media allows the vessels the expand in systole and elastically contrary during diastole to move the blood in muscular arteries

Large elastic arteries aka conducting arteries

Thick muscular walls

Vasoconstrict due to the sympathetic nervous system or circulating hormones such as angiotensin II

Muscular arteries aka distributing arteries

Small lumen and relatively thick smooth muscle wall and regulate the filling of capillary beds

Arterioles

Inferior vena cava is an example, thin walled, thin muscular tunic (tunica media), and thick prominent CT tunuc (tunica adventitia) with longitudinal smooth muscle bundles

Large veins

Relatively thin walled, thin muscular tunic (tunica media), thick prominent CT tunic ( tunica adventitia), have valves to prevent backflow of blood, and skeletal muscle contractions and valves help blood move towards the house

Medium veins

This is an image of ? What is A and B

Elastic artery

A:tunica media

B: Tunica adventitia

A: artery

B: vein

Artery vs Vein? Round like a hose.

Artery

Artery vs Vein?  Flat /collapsed/ low pressure

Vein

In limbs arteries are surrounded by ____ __veins which helps__ ____

Veins which helps warm venous blood returning to the heart

Capillaries exchange vessels

Allows exchange between blood and interstitial fluid , exchange of O2 and CO2, exchange of nutrients and waste products

Simple thin walled vessels made up of only endothelial cells and their basal lamina

Capillaries

3 types of capillaries

Continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal

Capillary type and location found

Continuous capillary, can tell because endothelial goes all the way around

found in fat, muscle, and nervous system

Capillary type and location found 

fenestrated ; can tell due to coarse openings

Found in intestinal villi, endocrine glands, kidney glomeruli

Capillary type and location found 

Sinusoidal, blood moves slowly and macrofages sit outside

Found in liver bone marrow and spleen

Build up of plaque in the arteries

Involves the tunica intima

Causes strokes

Associated with hyperlipidemia

Vascular disease/ atherosclerosis 

Coronary artery plaque

Lymphatic system

Very important in in immune system

Lymph is filtered by lymph nodes

Melanoma is commonly spread through

Lymphatic system to the Lymph nodes

Lymph node filled with malignancy melanoma

Edema is a

Accumulation of fluid in the CT compartment

Lymphedema

In breast cancer patients lymph nodes are removed from the axilla to prevent the spread of cancer. due to this lymphatic drainage from the upper limbs is impaired resulting in lymphedema

Lymphedema

Spinal Cord, Brain, and myelination via oligodendroglia

CNS

Peripheral Nerves, sensory ganglia, and Myelinization is by Schwann cells

PNS

Sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric (gut nervous system) and myelinization is by Schwann cells

ANS

How many neurons are estimated in the human nervous system

86 B

How many different types of neurons are in the nervous system

Thousands

What type of neuron is this?

Multipolar Motor Neurons

* dendrites
* One neuron
* Motor neurons

What type of neuron is this?

Pseudounipolar sensory neuron

Spinal ganglia

Ans → CNS

Glial cells supportive roles in the nervous system

* support
* Insulate
* Nourish

Five types of glial cells in the CNS

* Astrocytes
* Oligodendroglia
* Ependymal
* Choroid plexus
* Microglia

2 types of glia cells in PNS and ANS

Schwann cells - mylinating cells

Satellite cells

The spinal cord has central __________ and on the outside ascending and descending mylienated axons

Grey matter

Surrounding the cord are meninges three layers of CT?

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

Posterior horn is

Sensory

Anterior horn is

Motor

Posterior roots and root lets carry info to the

Spinal cord

Anterior rootlets and roots carry motor axons to the

Periphery

Primary sensory, pseudounipolar neurons are in the

Spinal ganglia

Lower motor neurons the axons of which synapse on muscle fibers are in the

Anterior horns

1 posterior horn

2 anterior horn

Cerebral cortex is organized in lobes where there is

Functional localization

Subcortical nuclei include the

Basal ganglia and the thalamus

Brainstem has nuclei involved with the cranial nerves and regions involved in

Respiration and cardiovascular regulation

The cerebellum is involved in

Coordination of planning and executing movements

Why are there folds in the brain

Due to the expanding size in evolution

Brain folds

Gyri

Valleys of the brain

Solsi

Most of the cortex in the human brain has 6 layers and is called the

Neocortex

Neocortex and arrows are pyramidal neurons

Damage to specific areas in the brain from a stoke causes

Specific deficits

How is the human body organized

Segmentally organized

Why is segmental organization not as apparent in limbs

complex development

What becomes evident during the somite period of embryonic development

The segmental nature of the human body and nervous system

By 28-30 days of gestation when the embryo is approximately 4.5 mm in length the human embryo has how many somites

30-35

Medial portions of somites become sclerotomes which gives rise to

VERTABRAE

Lateral portions of somites become

Dermatomyotomes

Cels that migrate posteriorly give rise to

Epaxial, deep back muscles, and overlying dermis

Anteriorly migrating cells give rise to

hypoxia muscles of the trunk, limbs, and overlying dermis

Flexor muscles of the limbs lead to

Triceps

Extensor muscle of the limbs become

Biceps

Anterior and posterior rots unite with the intervertebral foramen to form

Spinal nerves

Why are spinal nerves referred to mixed nerves

Because they have both sensory and motor neurons

Just past the point of union the spinal nerve branches into

Posterior ramus and anterior ramus

Posterior rami go to

Deep back muscle and skin over them

Anterior rami go to

Anterior body