ANTR 350 - Unit 4

what are erythrocytes

red blood cells that carry oxygen using hemoglobin and transport some CO2

main function of erthrocytes

gas transport

what are leukocytes

white blood cells that help defend body against infection and foreign invaders

main function of leukocytes

immune protection

systemic circulation

blood goes from the heart to the body and back - delivers oxygen to tissues

pulmonary circulation

blood goes from the heart to the lungs and back - picks up oxygen

function/structure of arteries

carry blood away from heart, thick/elastic walls, high pressure

function/structure of veins

caryy blood to heart, thin walls, low pressure and have valves to stop back flow of blood

order that blood would pass through in the general circulatory scheme

Atria → Ventricles → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Atria

define anastomosis and an example of arterial anastomoses

a connection between blood vessels that provides an alternate route for blood flow (ex. circle of willis and palmar arches to maintain blood flow is one vessel is blocked)

list the arterial structures tested by the Allen’s test

tests the radial and ulnar artery

define end arteries and give example

arteries with no alternate blood supply if blocked (ex. coronary arteries)

explain the importance of valves in veins

help prevent back flow of blood, helps moves it one way back to the heart (against gravity)

explain the skeletal muscle pump and how they aid venous blood flow

muscle contractions squeeze veins, pushing blood toward the heart; valves keep it from flowing backward

explain the respiratory pump and how they aid venous blood flow

breathing changes pressure in the chest and abdomen, helps pull blood toward the heart

what are varicose veins

enlarged, twisted veins caused by weak valves, leads to blood pooling

what is a thrombus

a blood clot that forms inside a blood vessel and can block blood flow

what is deep vein thrombosis

a blood clot in a deep vein (usually in leg) that can travel and cause serious problems like a lung blockage

location of where you can take the pulse on the common carotid artery

side of neck, next to trachea

location of where you can take the pulse on the brachial artery

inside of the elbow (anticubital area)

location of where you can take the pulse on the radial artery

wrist on thumb side

location of where you can take the pulse on the femoral artery

groin area

location of where you can take the pulse on the popliteal artery

behind knee

location of where you can take the pulse on the posterior tibial artery

behind the medial ankle

location of where you can take the pulse on the dorsalis pedis artery

top of foot

list the body regions that the ascending aorta supplies

carries blood from the heart to aortic arch; supplies the heart via coronary arteries

list the body regions that the aortic arch supplies

curves over heart; gives off branches to head, neck, and upper limbs

list the body regions that the brachiocephalic trunk supplies

first branch of the aortic arch on the right; splits into right subclavian and right common carotid arteries

list the body regions that the right subclavian artery supplies

supplies right upper limb

list the body regions that the right common carotid artery supplies

supplies right side of head and neck

list the body regions that the left common carotid artery supplies

supplies left side of head and neck

list the body regions that the left subclavian artery supplies

supplies upper left limb

list the body regions that the descending (thoracic) aorta supplies

travels down the chest; supplies thorax, chest wall, and some organs

list the body regions that the posterior intercostal arteries supplies

branches of thoracic aorta that supply rib spaces and chest wall muscles

list the body region that the inferior vena cava drains

returns blood from lower body (abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs) to heart

list the body region that the right and left subclavian veins drains

drain blood from the uppe rlimbs

list the body region that the right and left internal jugular veins drains

drain blood from the head and neck

list the body region that the right and left brachiocephalic veins drains

formed by union of subclavian and internal jugular veins; drain the head, neck, and upper limbs into superior vena cava

list the body region that the superior vena cava drains

returns blood from head, neck, upper limbs, and chest to the heart

list the body region that the azygos veins drain

drains blood from the right side of the thoracic wall into superior vena cava

list the body region that the right and left posterior intercostal veins drain

drain blood from the rib spaces and chest wall

list the body region that the hemiazygos veins drain

drains blood from left side of the thoracic wall into the azygos vein

what two major arteries supply brain with blood

internal carotid arteries (anterior and middle parts) and vertebral arteries (posterior part and join to form the basilar artery)

list the body region that the abdominal aorta supplies

main artery of abdomen; supplies abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs

list the body region that the right and left renal arteries supplies

supply the kidneys

list the body region that the right and left gonadal arteries supplies

supply the ovaries in females or testes in males

list the body region that the right and left common iliac arteries supplies

branch from abdominal aorta; supplies pelvis and lower limbs

list the body region that the right and left internal iliac arteries supplies

branch from common iliac; supply pelvis and gluteal region

list the body region that the right and left external iliac arteries supplies

branch from common iliac; continue as femoral arteries to supply lower limbs

list the body region that the celiac trunk supplies

supplies foregut structures including stomach, liver, spleen, and part of the duodenum

list the body region that the superior mesenteric artery supplies

supplies midgut structures including most of the small intestine and part of the large intestine

list the body region that the inferior mesenteric artery supplies

supplies hindgut structures including distal colon and rectum

hepatic portal system

veins from digestive organs that carry blood to the liver before it enters the heart

caval system

veins that return blood directly to the inferior vena cava and then to the heart

function of hepatic portal system

delivers nutrient rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver for processing, storage, and detoxification

specify the major veins that drain from the foregut

splenic vein, left gastric vein, hepatic portal vein

specify the major veins that drain from the midgut

superior mesenteric vein —> hepatic portal vein

specify the major veins that drain from the hindgut

inferior mesenteric vein —> splenic vein —> hepatic portal vein

specify the major veins that drain from the kidneys

right and left renal veins

specify the major veins that drain from the pelvis

internal iliac veins

specify the major veins that drain from the gonads

gonadal veins (right drains into inferior vena cava, left drains into left renal vein)

specify the major veins that drain from the lower limbs

external iliac veins —> common iliac veins —> inferior vena cava

List the path that venous blood from the gastrointestinal organs takes to reach the liver, then the right atrium:

Venous blood from the gastrointestinal organs → hepatic portal vein → liver (processed) → hepatic veins → inferior vena cava → right atrium

what veins belong to the hepatic portal system

Inferior mesenteric vein, Superior mesenteric vein, Splenic vein, Hepatic portal vein

what veins belong to the caval system

Renal veins, Inferior vena cava, Gonadal veins, Common iliac veins, Hepatic veins

List the arteries in the order blood would pass through as it flows from the left ventricle to the dorsum of the foot (ending with the dorsalis pedis artery):

Left ventricle → Ascending aorta → Aortic arch → Descending (thoracic) aorta → Abdominal aorta → Common iliac artery → External iliac artery → Femoral artery → Popliteal artery → Anterior tibial artery → Dorsalis pedis artery

what region does the femoral artery supply

supplies anterior thigh and continues to lower limb

what region does the deep femoral artery supply

supplies posterior and lateral thigh muscles

what region does the popliteal artery supply

supplies the knee and surrounding area

what region does the anterior tibial artery supply

supplies the anterior compartment of the leg

what region does the dorsalis pedis artery supply

supplies dorsum (top) of foot

what region does the posterior tibial artery supply

supplies the posterior compartment of the leg and plantar foot

what region does the fibular artery supply

supplies the lateral compartment of the leg

superficial veins

located close to skin, drain into deep veins, not paired w/ arteries

deep veins

deep within muscle, usually paired w/ arteries, carry most of the blood back to heart

examples of deep veins that do not accompany arteries

azygos vein, hemiazygos vein, brachiocephalic veins

define and list example of venae comitantes

Pairs of deep veins that closely follow an artery, usually in the limbs, helping blood flow with arterial pulsation (Ex. anterior tibial veins, posterior tibial veins, fibular veins)

List the superficial veins found in the lower limb:

Great saphenous vein, small saphenous vein

List the veins in the order that blood would travel as it flows to the right atrium from the dorsum of the foot (starting with anterior tibial, posterior tibial, and fibular veins):

Dorsalis pedis vein → Anterior tibial vein → Posterior tibial vein → Fibular vein → Popliteal vein → Femoral vein → External iliac vein → Common iliac vein → Inferior vena cava → Right atrium

List the arteries in the order blood would pass through as it flows from the left ventricle to the fingers (ending with digital arteries):

Left ventricle → Ascending aorta → Aortic arch → Subclavian artery → Axillary artery → Brachial artery → Radial and ulnar arteries → Superficial and deep palmar arches → Digital arteries

Describe how this path is different if blood goes to the right fingers versus the left fingers:

Blood to the right fingers passes through the brachiocephalic trunk first, then the right subclavian artery. Blood to the left fingers comes directly from the left subclavian artery without the brachiocephalic trunk

what region is supplied by the axillary artery

supplies shoulder and upper arm

what region is supplied by the deep brachial artery

supplies posterior arm muscles

what region is supplied by the radial artery

supplies the lateral forearm and hand

what region is supplied by the ulnar artery

supplies the medial forearm and hand

what region is supplied by the digital arteries

supply the fingers

List the veins in the order that blood would travel as it flows to the right atrium from the fingers (starting with radial and ulnar veins):

Radial and ulnar veins → Brachial vein → Axillary vein → Subclavian vein → Brachiocephalic vein → Superior vena cava → Right atrium

List the superficial veins found in the upper limb:

Cephalic vein, Basilic vein, Median antebrachial vein

 Identify the vein in the upper limb commonly used for blood withdrawal:

median cubital vein 

define atherosclerosis

condition where plaque builds up inside arteries, narrowing them reducing blood flow

size and location of heart

size of a fist and located in the thoracic cavity between lungs, behind sternum and slightly to the left of midline

what heart chambers/great vessels belong to systemic circulation

Aorta, Inferior vena cava, Left atrium, Left ventricle, Superior vena cava

what heart chambers/great vessels belong to pulmonary circulation

Pulmonary trunk, Pulmonary arteries, Pulmonary veins, Right atrium, Right ventricle

List the layers of the pericardial sac in order from superficial to deep:

Fibrous pericardium → Parietal layer of serous pericardium → Pericardial cavity → Visceral layer of serous pericardium (epicardium)

Describe the location of the pericardial cavity:

Located between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium; contains serous fluid to reduce friction

function of fibrous pericardium

protects heart and anchors to surrounding structures

function of serous pericardium

reduces friction as the heart beats

explain pericarditis

inflammation of the pericardium, often causing chest pain and friction

explain pericardial effusion

accumulation of excess fluid in the pericardial cavity

explain cardiac tamponade

pressure on the heart from fluid in the pericardial cavity, prevents proper filling and reduces cardiac output