Chapter 5: The Integumentary System

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

Protection, Temperature Regulation, Blood Flow, Perspiration, Sensation, Vitamin D Production, Excretion of wastes.

What are the layers of human skin?

Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis.

What is the structure of the epidermis?

The epidermis is the outermost skin layer, mainly composed of keratinocytes that produce keratin.

What are the layers of the epidermis from deepest to outermost?

Stratum basale, Stratum spinosum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum corneum.

What are the characteristics of keratinocytes?

Keratinocytes make up approximately 95% of the epidermis and produce keratin.

How does the skin produce melanin?

Melanin is produced by melanocytes found in the epidermis.

What is the difference between thick and thin skin?

Thick skin has all 5 stratum including stratum lucidum; thin skin lacks the stratum lucidum.

What are the layers of the dermis?

The dermis consists of the papillary layer and the reticular layer.

What are cleavage lines, and why are they important in surgery?

Cleavage lines are natural patterns of collagen fibers; incisions parallel to them heal faster and with less scarring.

What are the types of skin cancer?

Basal cell carcinoma (least severe), Squamous cell carcinoma (may metastasize), Malignant melanoma (most severe).

What structures are involved in hair growth?

Hair follicles

What is a visible part of the hair above the skin’s surface?

Hair shaft

What part of the hair is embedded in the dermis, containing living cells that undergo keratinization?

Hair Root

What enlarges the base where hair growth occurs and contains the matrix with actively dividing cells?

Hair Bulb

What hair follicle is connective tissue supplying nutrients via blood vessels?

Papila

What is determined by melanin produced by melanocytes in the bulb?

Hair color

What is the hard part of the nail that divides into a visible nail body and the hidden nail root?

Nail Plate

What epidermal layer beneath the nail plate?

Nail Bed

What is located in the root, where cells are actively divided?

Nail Matrix

What are the half-moon-shaped areas at the base of the nail, where cells accumulate keratin?

Lunula

How do nails grow?

New cells form in the nail matrix, pushing older cells forward to form the nail plate.

What makes sebum (hair oil, naturally produced), produces the hair?

Sebaceous glands

What glands produces sweat?

Sweat glands

What is most of the body and only produces sweat?

Merocrine

What is large with lager ducts that are often attached to the hair follicles that are found in the armpits, genital, and areolas?

Apocrine glands

what makes earwax?

Ceruminous glands

What makes milk?

Mammary glands

in malignant melanoma is it called the A, B, C, D, E rule?

A- Asymmetry shape

B- Border irregularity

C- Color change

D- Diameter change

E- Evolving nature

What are the types of hair found on humans?

Lanugo, Vellus, Terminal.

What is thin and non-pigmented hair that typically falls out around birth?

Lanugo hair

What is thin and non-pigmented hair that is presented from birth and is replaced by terminal hair in certain areas after puberty?

Vellus hair

What is thicker, more coaster, and pigmented and replaces much of the vellus hair after puberty, especially in males?

terminal hair

How does the body temperature increase in the normal range (36.1–37.2°C or 97–99°F)?

Stimulus

If the thermoreceptors in the brain detect the increased temperature?

Receptor

what is the heat-loss center in the hypothalamus that receives signals from the thermoreceptors?

Control Center

In the effector or response, what is sweat gland release sweat, that evaporates and cools the body?

Sweating

In the effector or response, what do blood vessels in the skin dilate that increases the blood flow to the skin and releases heat?

Vasodilation

The body temperature returns to normal and the hypothalamus stops the heat-loss response because of?

Return to Normal Range

How are burns classified?

First-degree (epidermis), Second-degree (epidermis and part of dermis), Third-degree (both layers destroyed).

What is least severe and only involves the epidermis leaving the skin red, painful, and minor?

First-degree burn

What involves the epidermis and is part of the dermis which you can see the blistering?

Second-degree burn

What burn involves the epidermis and dermis that completely restored both and is most severe, is often called full thickness burn?

Third-degree burn

What is the 'rule of nines' for burns?

A method to estimate total skin damage based on dividing the adult body into regions, each representing 9%.

What is psoriasis?

An autoimmune disorder causing rapid skin cell turnover and scaling.

What is acne?

An inflammation of sebaceous glands and hair follicles

what is jaundice?

A yellowing shin due to excess bilirubin

What is cyanosis?

A blue skin due to lack of oxygen

What is albinism?

A lack of melanin production.

What is erythema?

A redness due to increased blood flow

What is pallor?

A pale skin from reduced blood flow

What are Decubitus ulcers?

Bedsores from prolonged pressure

What are stretch marks?

Dermal tears due to rapid stretching

What is a callus?

A thickened skin from repeated friction

What is botox?

A neurotoxin used to reduce wrinkles

What are fillers?

A substance used to restore volume in the skin