roaring twenties and the great depression

post wwI strikes

Seattle General Strike, Boston Police Strike, Steel Workers Strike.

red scare

fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life

mitchell palmer

Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian radicals who became symbols of the Red Scare of the 1920s; arrested (1920), tried and executed (1927) for a robbery/murder, they were believed by many to have been innocent but convicted because of their immigrant status and radical political beliefs.

xenophobia

fear of foreigners

johnson-reed act

Also known as the Immigration Act of 1924 Federal law limiting the number of immigrants that could be admitted from any country to 2% of the amount of people from that country who were already living in the U.S. as of the census of 1890.

carrie chapman catt

(1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

alice paul

Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

why did black americans move to northern cities?

racial oppression and job opportunities

marcus garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

harlem renaissance

A literary and artistic movement celebrating African-American culture.

jazz

A style of dance music popular in the 1920s

d.w. griffith

groundbreaking American film director, directed The Birth of a Nation

charles evans hughes

A reformist Republican governor of New York, who had gained fame as an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust. He later ran against Wilson in the 1916 election.

klan

Racial group/ organization

prohibition amendment

18th Amendment

volstead act

Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States.

bootleggers

People who produced, smuggled, or sold alcoholic beverages illegally during the era of Prohibition

speakeasies

Secret bars where alcohol could be purchased illegally

al capone

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

scopes trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

president harding

This president promised a "return to normalcy" when he was elected. His administration was full of scandal and corruption, including the Teapot Dome scandal.

ohio gang

a group of close friends and political supporters whom President Warren G. Harding appointed to his cabinet

Teapot Dome Scandal

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

president coolidge

He became president after Harding died in office. He fired those involved in the scandals; increased government support of business and encouraged a continuation and expansion of Harding's policies.

andrew mellon

the Secretary of the Treasury during the Harding Administration. He felt it was best to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He believed in trickle down economics. (Hamiltonian economics)

trickle-down theory

decreased income taxes for the wealthy would promote business and therefore the whole economy

fordney-mccumber tariff

a set of regulations, enacted by Congress in 1922, that raised taxes on imports to record levels in order to protect American businesses against foreign competition

financial crisis in europe

major recession and banking crisis

reparations

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.

dawes plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

babe ruth

He was a famous baseball player who played for the Yankees. He helped developed a rising popularity for professional sports.

boxing heroes

jack dempsey and gene tunney

Red Grange (The Galloping Ghost)

Stars at University of Illinios; best known college player of the time

Signs with Bears

Barnstorming tour; Grange gets ½ of the gate

Thousands attend

Pro FB legitimized

jim thorpe

Native American who, in 1950, was voted the greatest athlete of the 20th century

henry ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

automobile

what was the most important force shaping daily life in the 1920s?

electricity

second only to the automobile in transforming america. by the 1920s, the us was generating more electricity than the rest of the world combined

enrico caruso

famous opera singer

the jazz singer

1927 - The first movie with sound; this "talkie" was about the life of famous jazz singer; Al Jolson.

flappers

carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.

charles lindbergh

made the first nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic

Moral Revolution

during the roaring 20's, this arose as more people questioned the principles of right and wrong behavior and the goodness or badness of human character that had previously been defined by social norms and religion. This was largely inspired by psychologist Sigmund Freud who provided a scientific explanation of people's sexual urges, so that what was previously considered inappropriate and immoral, could now be countered as animal instincts that were futile to repress.

installment plan

an arrangement in which a purchaser pays over an extended time, without having to put down much money at the time of purchase

speculation

the practice of making high-risk investments with borrowed money in hopes of getting a big return

bull market

a period of rising stock prices

buying on the margin

paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest

black thursday

October 24, 1929; stock market crashes and almost 13 million shares are sold that day alone

president hoover

the president who was in office when the depression started. He believed that if the government got involved it would only make the depression worse.

alfred smith

He was the Democratic presidential candidate in the 1928 election. He was the first Catholic to be elected as a candidate.

advertising

created an image that you're not good enough, cometics, dog food, sensational stories

durable goods, speculators can't pay back banks, unemployed workers can't pay back bank loans, 1/4 of population lose jobs

what were the causes of the great depression?

how did hoover address the depression?

called on business to increase wages, stabilize employment, and increase construction, charities help poor, rugged individualism

will rogers

United States cowboy humorist remembered for his homespun commentary on politics and American society (1879-1935)

bonus marchers

In the spring of 1932, 20,000 unemployed World War I veterans descended on Washington to demand early payment of a bonus due in 1945, only to be driven away by federal soldiers led by the army's chief of staff, Douglas MacArthur.

what purpose did movies serve?

escapism

radio

soaps, comedies, dramas, serials

new deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

100 days

period from March to June 1933 when Congress passed major legislation submitted by Roosevelt to deal with the Depression

bank runs

people mistrusting banks, therefore going to the back and taking all their money out, then come to find that the bank does not have the money

bank holidays

closing of banks during the Great Depression to avoid bank runs

fireside chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

civilian conservation corps

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects

tennessee valley authority

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

democratic party coalition

These are the core groups that support the Democratic Party, including African-Americans, Jews, Women, Labor Unions, and poor people

huey long

"Kingfish" Rep. senator of LA; pushed "Share Our Wealth" program and make "Every Man a King' at the expense of the wealthy; assassinated

father coughlin

A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severly against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist (?) rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.

francis townsend

American physician and social reformer whose plan for a government-sponsored old-age pension was a precursor of the Social Security Act of 1935.

dustbowl

severe drought and dust storms that spread from Texas to South Dakota

oakies

the name commonly given to refugees from the Great Plains seeking to escape the dust bowl

2nd new deal

legislative program focusing on reform begun by FDR in 1935 when the first attempt to end the Depression failed: social security, public works

court-packing

Attempt by Roosevelt to appoint one new Supreme Court justice for every sitting justice over the age of 70 who had been there for at least 10 years. Wanted to prevent justices from dismantling the new deal. Plan died in congress and made opponents of New Deal inflamed.

labor movement

i.e. AFL/CIO, became powerful in the 1930s, strikes were sometimes violent

john l. lewis

He was a miner known for creating the United Mine Workers. He helped found the CIO and was responsible for the Fair Labor Standards Act.