WH2 Quiz #2

Czar Nicholas II

Czar Nicholas II

last emperor of Russia -- was later imprisoned & then murdered

Easter Rising

armed insurrection in Dublin against British rule

The Fundamentals

reasserted the authority of the Bible

Woodrow Wilson

“Fourteen Points”

German/British Rivalry

Germany embarked upon a great naval building program -- British troubled

The Factors Contributing to the Outbreak

The European balance of power was upset

German/British rivalry

France wanted revenge & the return of the Alsace-Lorraine

Conflict between Austria & the kingdom of Serbia

both nations despised each other

Austria aka “Austria-Hungary”

(the Dual Monarchy) - terms often used interchangeably

After Bismarck’s departure:

German treaty with Russia was allowed to lapse

Austria-Hungary had now:

humiliated Serbia twice – Russia shared in these humiliations for it failed to aid its small Slavic friend

war between Austria & Serbia

ingredients (which could draw in Germany & Russia) were present

immediate cause of WWI

Austria’s Archduke Franz Ferdinand - Archduke’s driver made a wrong turn which put him near Gavrillo Princip (a pan-Slav fanatic) - Princip took out a pistol and assassinated Ferdinand & his wife Sophie

Austria had received:

a “blank check” communication from Germany

Germany invaded:

invaded neutral Belgium to attack France

Germany’s Schlieffen Plan

called for a major offensive to defeat France quickly - then DT would turn its full attention on Russia

Triple Entente

Britain – France – Russia

Central Powers:

Germany – Austria-Hungary (aka Austria) – Turkey (aka Ottoman Empire)

WWI Total War:

the entire society is mobilized for the war effort

WWI Trench Warfare:

it characterized several fronts, but especially the crucial “Western Front” in France

Central Powers hindered by:

were hindered by GB’s economic blockade

The British had a recruiting motto:

“sign up with your pals”

First Battle of Marne

retreating Germans dug in - setting the pattern for trench warfare

Lusitania Sunk

ocean liner departed from pier 54 in NY – was hit by torpedo - sank off the Irish coast

Battle of the Somme River

the bloodiest day in British history

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (USW)

DT pursues a bold policy - U-boat policy of ___ proves to be the key point for US intervention

Zimmermann Note

proposes that Mexico should ally with Germany - is published in US newspapers & inflames public opinion

Bolshevik Revolution

Vladimir Lenin & the communists take power in Russia

Wilson

enunciates US war aims in his 14-Point Address

key principle in Wilson’s 14-Point Address:

“self-determination”

1 specific goal in Wilson’s 14-Point Address:

a League of Nations

Communist Russia

signs its own peace treaty with Germany

Kaiserschlacht (emperor’s battle)

General Erich Ludendorff prepared for a decisive offensive before enough US forces could land in FR

Ludendorff told the Kaiser that:

peace negotiations should be opened before the situation got worse

Meuse Argonne

US troops engaged

Armistice

at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11 th month WWI ends

Stab in the Back Legend

traitors among the politicians sold out the frontline troops

Wilson’s Tumultuous Reception

however, he has made serious errors - failed to include even one Republican senator in his delegation – neglected the majority opposition party (Republicans)

Paris Peace Talks

the victorious powers met at the palace of Versailles

Wilson’s idealism:

idealism was not readily shared by the others

Treaty of Versailles presented to Germany

until Germany accepted the treaty, a blockade (including food) continued

US - The Treaty of Berlin

war is formally concluded with Germany – the US never ratifies the Treaty of Versailles – the US never joins the League of Nations

Armenian Genocide

Turkish govt. ordered the deportation of c. 1.8 M Armenians to Syria/Mesopotamia (exile) - in the forced exodus Armenians died of starvation or were killed by Turkish soldiers/police

Kremlin

citadel in Moscow, center of administration of the Russian (formerly Soviet) government

Long March

c. 6,000 mile trek of Chinese Communists - Mao Tse-Tung and survivors arrived in Northern Chin

Mandate

form of international trusteeship devised by the League of Nations

Wilson listed:

listed self-determination as an important objective for the post-war world

Soviet

workers’ and/or soldiers’ council

Vatican City

an independent state

The Treaty of Versailles

Versailles settlement

The League of Nations

league proved powerless - replaced by the UN after WWII

After WWI:

four empires essentially crumbled: Russian, Austro-Hungarian, German, & Ottoman

Versailles’ ramifications for Germany

territory in the East given to Poland – Polish corridor

Versailles’ ramifications for Germany -- MILITARY:

as a buffer against further aggression, the Rhineland was demilitarized (border FR & DT) - DT responsible for reparations (compensation) - scrap of paper” mentality

Worldwide Influenza Pandemic

aka the Spanish flu pandemic - c. 25 Million (maybe 40M) died

Pandemic DEF:

an epidemic over a large area

Middle East mandated:

the Balfour Declaration supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine

Mohandas Gandhi

India - opposed British rule – led the 1930 Salt March

China

Mao Tse-Tung kept the Chinese Communist Party alive with its Long March to the north

Latin America

effects of the Great Depression were devastating for the region

Russia has:

has about 1/6th of the world’s land surface – an adverse climate – a diverse population

Duma (Parliament):

little power, Czar could dismiss it

Bolsheviks (“majority”)

followers of Vladimir Lenin – they were confirmed atheists - changed their name to Communist

comrades close to Vladimir Lenin:

Leon Trotsky & Joseph Stalin

strikes/riots in Petrograd

hardships/losses during WW I led to widespread discontent

Czar Nicholas

abdicated

German govt. allowed:

Lenin transported from Switzerland (exiled there) to Petrograd

“Peace, Land, Bread”

simplified Bolshevik ideology calling for:

Trotsky convinced:

convinced the Petrograd Soviet to stage a coup

soviets declared Lenin to be the head of government, but:

but all power was to be held by the soviets

under Trotsky’s leadership:

the Red Army is created

Russian Civil War

Reds” vs. non-communist “Whites”

Trotsky’s Red Army won RCW

Czar Nicholas & his family were murdered

War Communism

the state limited private ownership,

New Economic Policy

govt. had control of finance, industry, transportation – allowed the remainder of the economic system to return to private enterprise

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

____ established (aka USSR, CCCP, the Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin (“Man of Steel”)

the undisputed leader of the Soviet Union

Soviet propaganda:

would create a “cult of Stalin” that approached deification

Stalin began:

a series of Five-Year Plans for industry development (industrialization)

Kulaks

well-to-do peasants

Stalin was paranoid:

paranoid about threats

the Soviets signed:

signed a non-aggression pact with Hitler

“On-margin”

meant that you paid a percentage of the stock’s value up front & financed the rest

The Market Crash

“Black Tuesday” - panic selling widespread - “Bull” (upward) market had turned absolutely “Bearish” (downward)

“The Crash” alone:

alone did not cause the Depression

Great Depression causes:

lack of industrial diversification

an overexpansion of credit

manufacturers/merchants (results of Great Depression):

REDUCE prices

consumer spending (results of Great Depression):

engine of the US economy

banks failed

5K close in the first 3 years of the Depression

American farmers

were hurt significantly by foreclosure & drought

Responses to the Depression

FDR pledged a “New Deal” for the American people

FDR wins a landslide victory

the Democrats control both houses of Congress

The New Deal

umbrella label for a wide range of programs to offer relief & stimulate the economy

bold experimentation

heavy federal government intervention

FDR announces:

announces a “Bank Holiday” (closure)

Fireside chats

FDR would use radio

“Hundred Days”

FDR summons Congress into special session

Hitler had:

had a work-creation/rearmament project that largely eradicated DT unemployment by 1936

Great Depression’s effect on Japan:

strengthened militarist groups

The New Deal introduced:

introduced much-needed reform & did somewhat stabilize the economy

The New Deal failed:

failed to cure the Depression

what DID “cure” the Depression:

heavy defense-related spending connected to WWII