last emperor of Russia -- was later imprisoned & then murdered
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Easter Rising
armed insurrection in Dublin against British rule
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The Fundamentals
reasserted the authority of the Bible
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Woodrow Wilson
“Fourteen Points”
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German/British Rivalry
Germany embarked upon a great naval building program -- British troubled
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The Factors Contributing to the Outbreak
The European balance of power was upset
German/British rivalry
France wanted revenge & the return of the Alsace-Lorraine
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Conflict between Austria & the kingdom of Serbia
both nations despised each other
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Austria aka “Austria-Hungary”
(the Dual Monarchy) - terms often used interchangeably
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After Bismarck’s departure:
German treaty with Russia was allowed to lapse
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Austria-Hungary had now:
humiliated Serbia twice – Russia shared in these humiliations for it failed to aid its small Slavic friend
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war between Austria & Serbia
ingredients (which could draw in Germany & Russia) were present
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immediate cause of WWI
Austria’s Archduke Franz Ferdinand - Archduke’s driver made a wrong turn which put him near Gavrillo Princip (a pan-Slav fanatic) - Princip took out a pistol and assassinated Ferdinand & his wife Sophie
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Austria had received:
a “blank check” communication from Germany
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Germany invaded:
invaded neutral Belgium to attack France
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Germany’s Schlieffen Plan
called for a major offensive to defeat France quickly - then DT would turn its full attention on Russia
the entire society is mobilized for the war effort
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WWI Trench Warfare:
it characterized several fronts, but especially the crucial “Western Front” in France
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Central Powers hindered by:
were hindered by GB’s economic blockade
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The British had a recruiting motto:
“sign up with your pals”
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First Battle of Marne
retreating Germans dug in - setting the pattern for trench warfare
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Lusitania Sunk
ocean liner departed from pier 54 in NY – was hit by torpedo - sank off the Irish coast
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Battle of the Somme River
the bloodiest day in British history
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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (USW)
DT pursues a bold policy - U-boat policy of ___ proves to be the key point for US intervention
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Zimmermann Note
proposes that Mexico should ally with Germany - is published in US newspapers & inflames public opinion
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Bolshevik Revolution
Vladimir Lenin & the communists take power in Russia
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Wilson
enunciates US war aims in his 14-Point Address
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key principle in Wilson’s 14-Point Address:
“self-determination”
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1 specific goal in Wilson’s 14-Point Address:
a League of Nations
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Communist Russia
signs its own peace treaty with Germany
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Kaiserschlacht (emperor’s battle)
General Erich Ludendorff prepared for a decisive offensive before enough US forces could land in FR
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Ludendorff told the Kaiser that:
peace negotiations should be opened before the situation got worse
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Meuse Argonne
US troops engaged
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Armistice
at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11 th month WWI ends
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Stab in the Back Legend
traitors among the politicians sold out the frontline troops
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Wilson’s Tumultuous Reception
however, he has made serious errors - failed to include even one Republican senator in his delegation – neglected the majority opposition party (Republicans)
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Paris Peace Talks
the victorious powers met at the palace of Versailles
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Wilson’s idealism:
idealism was not readily shared by the others
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Treaty of Versailles presented to Germany
until Germany accepted the treaty, a blockade (including food) continued
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US - The Treaty of Berlin
war is formally concluded with Germany – the US never ratifies the Treaty of Versailles – the US never joins the League of Nations
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Armenian Genocide
Turkish govt. ordered the deportation of c. 1.8 M Armenians to Syria/Mesopotamia (exile) - in the forced exodus Armenians died of starvation or were killed by Turkish soldiers/police
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Kremlin
citadel in Moscow, center of administration of the Russian (formerly Soviet) government
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Long March
c. 6,000 mile trek of Chinese Communists - Mao Tse-Tung and survivors arrived in Northern Chin
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Mandate
form of international trusteeship devised by the League of Nations
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Wilson listed:
listed self-determination as an important objective for the post-war world
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Soviet
workers’ and/or soldiers’ council
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Vatican City
an independent state
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The Treaty of Versailles
Versailles settlement
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The League of Nations
league proved powerless - replaced by the UN after WWII
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After WWI:
four empires essentially crumbled: Russian, Austro-Hungarian, German, & Ottoman
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Versailles’ ramifications for Germany
territory in the East given to Poland – Polish corridor
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Versailles’ ramifications for Germany -- MILITARY:
as a buffer against further aggression, the Rhineland was demilitarized (border FR & DT) - DT responsible for reparations (compensation) - scrap of paper” mentality
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Worldwide Influenza Pandemic
aka the Spanish flu pandemic - c. 25 Million (maybe 40M) died
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Pandemic DEF:
an epidemic over a large area
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Middle East mandated:
the Balfour Declaration supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine
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Mohandas Gandhi
India - opposed British rule – led the 1930 Salt March
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China
Mao Tse-Tung kept the Chinese Communist Party alive with its Long March to the north
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Latin America
effects of the Great Depression were devastating for the region
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Russia has:
has about 1/6th of the world’s land surface – an adverse climate – a diverse population
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Duma (Parliament):
little power, Czar could dismiss it
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Bolsheviks (“majority”)
followers of Vladimir Lenin – they were confirmed atheists - changed their name to Communist
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comrades close to Vladimir Lenin:
Leon Trotsky & Joseph Stalin
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strikes/riots in Petrograd
hardships/losses during WW I led to widespread discontent
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Czar Nicholas
abdicated
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German govt. allowed:
Lenin transported from Switzerland (exiled there) to Petrograd
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“Peace, Land, Bread”
simplified Bolshevik ideology calling for:
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Trotsky convinced:
convinced the Petrograd Soviet to stage a coup
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soviets declared Lenin to be the head of government, but:
but all power was to be held by the soviets
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under Trotsky’s leadership:
the Red Army is created
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Russian Civil War
Reds” vs. non-communist “Whites”
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Trotsky’s Red Army won RCW
Czar Nicholas & his family were murdered
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War Communism
the state limited private ownership,
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New Economic Policy
govt. had control of finance, industry, transportation – allowed the remainder of the economic system to return to private enterprise
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
____ established (aka USSR, CCCP, the Soviet Union
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Joseph Stalin (“Man of Steel”)
the undisputed leader of the Soviet Union
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Soviet propaganda:
would create a “cult of Stalin” that approached deification
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Stalin began:
a series of Five-Year Plans for industry development (industrialization)
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Kulaks
well-to-do peasants
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Stalin was paranoid:
paranoid about threats
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the Soviets signed:
signed a non-aggression pact with Hitler
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“On-margin”
meant that you paid a percentage of the stock’s value up front & financed the rest
Studied by 8 people
