Bruh

Who proposed the Waterfall model and when?

Winston W. Royce in 1970.

What makes the Waterfall model "sequential"?

Each phase must be completed before moving to the next one.

Name two advantages of the Waterfall model.

Simple to manage and ideal for stable, fixed requirements.

Why is late testing a disadvantage in Waterfall?

Errors are discovered at the end, making fixes costly.

A defense project needs strict documentation and no mid-project changes. Which SDLC model suits best?

Waterfall — because it ensures structure, control, and documentation.

What is Systems Analysis and Design (SAD)?

A structured process to identify business needs and design technical solutions.

Who are stakeholders in SAD?

Anyone directly or indirectly affected by the system (e.g., users, IT staff).

What are the main components of an information system?

People, processes, and technology.

A hospital needs an electronic record system — what's the analyst's first task?

Study the current (as-is) workflow and define system requirements.

What is the main idea behind the Agile model?

Develop software in short, iterative cycles with continuous feedback.

How long is a typical Agile sprint?

1-4 weeks.

Name three Agile frameworks.

Scrum, Kanban, and XP (Extreme Programming).

What's Agile's biggest strength over Waterfall?

Flexibility and adaptability to changing requirements.

A startup releases new app features every two weeks. Which model fits?

Agile — it supports quick updates and user feedback loops.

What are the five phases of the SDLC?

Planning, Analysis, Design, Implementation, and Maintenance.

What document is created during the Analysis phase?

The Software Requirements Specification (SRS).

What happens in the Design phase?

The system's architecture and interface are defined.

A university performs a feasibility study for a new portal. Which phase is this?

The Planning phase.

What is the primary role of a system analyst?

Bridge the gap between business needs and technical solutions.

Name two key skills of a system analyst.

Communication and analytical thinking.

What does an infrastructure analyst do?

Ensures IT systems are secure and reliable.

Users report difficulty using the payroll interface — what should the analyst do?

Interview users, identify pain points, and recommend design improvements.

What does OOSAD stand for?

Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design.

List the four main OO principles.

Abstraction, Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism.

Who developed the Unified Process?

Grady Booch, Ivar Jacobson, and James Rumbaugh (the "Three Amigos").

A software company builds and tests each module before moving to the next. Which process are they using?

The Unified Process (iterative and incremental).

What is a system requirement?

A function or behavior the system must perform or support.

What are the two types of requirements?

Functional and Non-functional.

Give an example of a non-functional requirement.

The system must respond within two seconds.

A hospital wants to reduce patient wait times. What should the analyst do first?

Study the As-Is process and identify areas for improvement before designing the To-Be system.

Name three system design strategies.

Top-Down, Bottom-Up, and Object-Oriented Design.

What is prototyping used for?

To gather early feedback from users before final development.

Define encapsulation.

Bundling data and methods together while hiding internal details.

An app's features change weekly based on customer feedback. Which design strategy fits?

Iterative/Agile Design.

What does a UML Class Diagram show?

Classes, attributes, operations, and relationships among them.

What do CRC cards represent?

Class, Responsibilities, and Collaborators.

What symbol represents composition in UML?

A filled diamond.

A library system includes classes Book, Member, and Librarian. Which relationship exists between Book and Member?

Association — a member borrows a book.

What is object persistence?

The ability of data to exist beyond the program's lifetime.

What is DAO?

Data Access Object — handles CRUD operations with the database.

What is a DTO?

Data Transfer Object — carries data between layers.

An e-commerce app saves customer orders into a database. Which design components handle this?

DAO executes database actions; DTO transfers order data between layers.

What is functional modeling?

Describes what the system does — its processes and data flows.

What is behavioral modeling?

Shows how the system acts over time (interactions and state changes).

Which diagram shows messages passed between objects?

Sequence diagram.

An order moves through states: New → Paid → Shipped → Delivered. How is this modeled?

Using a state machine diagram.