Unit 5 Learning/Behavioral Psychology

classical conditioning

- learning by association

Pavlovs Dog experiment

conditioned dogs to droll to the ringing of a bell

Watsons Little Albert Experiment

conditioned the baby to fear white rat when loud noise is played

NS

- something that when its by its self it inflicts no response at first
- sound, noise, pain, etc

UCS

- stimulus that is associated with NS to cause an UCR
- not trained or learned

UCR

- an unconditioned reaction to the UCS
- not trained or learned

CS

- always the same as the NS
- it is trained/learned

CR

- Should always be similar to the UCR
- is trained/ learned from the CS

Acquisition

- the pairing of a UCS with a NS
- best when NS comes before UCS

Taste aversion

- a learned association between food and a neg experience that leads you too avoid it in the future
ex: your sick, which causes you to throw up, but you think its because of the greasy fries you at

Generalization

- when stimuli similar to the CS also causes the CR without training
ex: Albert the baby was scared of all furry animals not just rats

Discrimination

- when only the CS cause the CR

Extinction

- repeated exposure of the CS w/o the UCS makes the CS a NS again
ex: after awhile of hearing a bell, you stop thinking of food

Spontaneous Recovery

- After extinction and w/o additional conditioning, the CR suddenly reappears temporarily

Operant Conditioning

Learning by consequences

Skinner box

- chamber designed to teach rats how to push a lever

Positive Reinforcement

- rewarding consequence that increases the chances a behavior will be repeated
ex: money, treats/food, praise, clapping

Negative reinforcement

- the removal of a negative consequence that increases the chance the behavior will be repeated
ex: beeping to buckle your seat belt, nagging
keywords: avoid or escape

Positive Punishment

- adds a negative consequence to decrease a bad behavior
ex: getting a ticket, bad grade, spank, yelled at

Negative Punishment

- removes a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior
ex: time out, screen time, grounding, loss of dessert

Escape

- removes if after the negative stimulus has already started
ex: buckling to make the beeping stop

Avoidance

- removes negative stimulus before the stimulus has started
ex: buckling up before starting the car

Learned helplessness

- a state that occurs after a person has experienced a stressful/traumatic situation repeatedly
ex: dogs got shocked and had no way of escaping, when they were put in the same situation but had an escape, they just sat their

Superstitious Behaviors

- learned because it happened to be followed by a reinforcer, even though this behavior was not the cause of the reinforcer
ex: you wore Christmas socks during fb game and they won, so you where those socks every game

Primary reinforcer

- anything biologically necessary
ex: food, water, sleep

Secondary reinforcer

- anything else
ex: stickers, money, praise

Shaping

- rewarding each step towards a behavior
ex: teaching a dog to roll over (sit, lay down, roll over)

Chaining

- rewarding only after the full set of behaviors has been complete
ex: dog rolls over he gets treat

Instinctive Drift

- tendency of animals to revert to their natural behaviors
- can interfere with learned behaviors

Continuous Reinforcement

- reinforcement after every behavior
- best method for learning a new behavior
- over justification can occur

Partial Reinforcement

- reinforcement that does not occur after each behavior
- best method to prevent extinction

Over justification Effect

- when people are given outside motivation to perform a task, their intrinsic motivation declines
ex: you like to read on your own but when your mom tells you to read you don't want to

Fixed ratio

- reinforcement after a SET of behaviors
ex: free drink after you by 10 drinks, test every three units

Fixed Interval

- reinforcement after a SET amount of time
ex: studying for a weekly test, getting paid every 2 weeks
*scalped shaped line on graph

Variable ratio

- reinforcement after a random number of behaviors
ex: slot machine/gambling, # of shots taken to score a goal
- addictive

Variable Interval

- reinforcement after a random amount of time
ex: winning a video game level, fishing, be real app

Latent Learning

- learning in the absence of reward

Insight learning

- occurs when one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem (light bulb moment)

Cognitive map

- visualizing something in your brain
ex: imagining me and karah walking to math class in your head

observational learning

- learning by imitation

Model

- person who demonstrates what to do
ex: teacher, of YouTube video tutorial

Vicarious Learning

- when we learn by watching someone else's reinforcement or punishment and adjusting your behavior
ex: brother gets yelled at for messy room, so I make sure my room is clean

Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment

- lady hit the doll, the kids copied her. when the kids were punished, they did it less.
- kids learn and imitate