Jazz in America

Jelly Roll Morton was a

Piano player, singer, composer, arranger, and music theorist

Jelly Roll Morton Jazz Style

New Orleans

Jelly Roll Morton started a recording band called

The Red Hot Peppers

Bessie Smith was a

blues singer

Bessie Smith was known as

The Empress of the Blues

Bessie Smith died in a

car crash

Before microphones, Bessie Smith sang with a

powerful voice

Louis Armstrong played what? (2 things)

Trumpet and Voice

Louis Armstrong Established what as the foundations of jazz?

blues and improvisation

Louis Armstrong popularized what improvised singing style?

Scat

Louis Armstrong “taught

the world to swing

Count Basie was a

Kansas City piano player and big band swing band leader

Unwritten music of Count Basie’s band were called

head arrangements

The Basie band fame came partially from the

dueling tenor saxophone soloist

Ella Fitzgerald was a

Swing Jazz Singer

Ella Fitzgerald was known as the

First Lady of Song

Ella Fitzgerald had a

Large range

Ella Fitzgerald was regarded universally as the gold standard for both

jazz and pop singing

Duke Ellington was a prominent

black band leader, piano player, and composer of the swing era

Duke Ellington composed

more than 1500 songs

Who stayed loyal with Duke Ellington for a long time?

his band members

Charlie “Bird” Parker was a gifted player of what instrument?

Alto Saxophone

Charlie “Bird” Parker was influential in what jazz movement?

bebop

What did Charlie Parker serve at dinner to get his nickname?

roadkill chicken

Miles Davis couldn’t “hang” with who?

Bebop jazz musicians

Miles Davis was an early influencer in the

Cool jazz movement

Miles Davis formed a nonet with

interracial, young, and old musicians

Miles Davis’s band made a record called

Birth of the Cool

Which hand “strides”?

left

This Stems from Ragtime piano, but much more aggressive and more energetic

Stride Piano

Which hand plays melodies and flourishes in Stride Piano?

right

Musicians played what two things in cool jazz?

lyrical melodies with good tone

What range of the instrument did cool jazz musicians play in?

middle

(Compared to bebop) Cool jazz was a balance of

composition and improvisation

Cool Jazz had

Laid-back and relaxed tempos with modal harmonies

4 sections of Big Band Swing:

Saxophone, trumpet, trombone, rhythm

New Orleans Traditional Jazz used

collective improvisation

New Orleans Traditional jazz only had solos during

breaks

New Orleans Traditional Jazz instrumentation:

Clarinet, Trumpet, trombone, drums, piano, banjo, and tuba

Big Band Swing music was more what compared to previous forms of jazz?

written out

Big Band Swing had 4 beats to the bar, steady beats intended for

dancing

Blues includes

call and response

Blues follows what form?

12 bar

Blues lyrics are often about

hardship and heartbreak

How many musicians in a bebob group?

3-5

Bebop rhythm section instruments were

Piano or guitar, Bass, and Drums

Most common solo instruments in bebop

saxophone and trumpet

Bebop had

fast tempos with complex rhythms and harmonies

In Bebop, virtuosic soloists played a lot of notes and used what ranges?

extreme

First band to record jazz in 1917

Original Dixieland Jazz Band

Three things were important to the development of jazz in New York in the 1920’s:

Commercial infrastructure, sociological, and musical

During prohibition, musicians performed at

speakeasies

Office buildings in New York where composers wrote popular music. Operated 60 years from the 1890’s to the 1950’s

Tin Pan Alley

Louis Armstrong and the ____ were recording bands that marked a change in solo improvisation

Hot Fives/Hot Sevens

____ coincided with the Big Band Swing era

The stock market crash and World War II

an arrangement created by musicians who improvise riffs and spontaneously harmonize them

Head arrangement

This creates an insistent eight-beat rhythmic feel and has its origins in/near Kansas City.

Boogie-woogie piano

These allowed musicians who normally played written music in big bands to explore their artistic creativity by improvising more.

Jam sessions

This was the first company to introduce the solid-body electric guitar.

Gibson

This was a Harlem club and the center of bebop creativity.

Minton’s Playhouse

Bebop pianists abandoned stride technique in favor of an unpredictable approach to chordal accompaniment called ____.

comping

The word ____ achieved its present-day historical meaning in the aftermath of bop, when the many different styles made a unifying term necessary.

jazz

The Authors define _____ as all music situated on the boundary between jazz and popular music

fusion

The ________ were all American dance crazes based on Cuban music.

Cha-Cha-Cha, Rumba, and Mambo

______ is a variant of hard bop that emphasizes a strong backbeat and gospel-type chords

Soul jazz