Chapter 11: Liquids and Intermolecular Forces

These flashcards cover key vocabularies and concepts from Chapter 11 on liquids and intermolecular forces, aiding in understanding and preparation for the exam.

Intermolecular Forces

Attractions between molecules that are weaker than intramolecular attractions (bonds) within compounds.

States of Matter

Defined by the strength of intermolecular forces; stronger forces lead to closer molecule proximity.

Condensed Phases

The states of matter that include solids and liquids, characterized by closely packed molecules.

Dispersion Forces

Weakest type of intermolecular force resulting from temporary polarization of nonpolar molecules.

Dipole-Dipole Interactions

Forces that occur between polar molecules with positive and negative ends.

Hydrogen Bonds

Strong dipole-dipole interactions that occur when hydrogen is bonded to highly electronegative atoms like N, O, or F.

Polarizability

The tendency of an electron cloud to distort around an atom or molecule.

Viscosity

A liquid's resistance to flow, influenced by intermolecular forces and temperature.

Surface Tension

The extra inward forces at a liquid's surface, causing it to behave as if it has a 'skin'.

Capillary Action

The rise of liquids in narrow tubes, influenced by cohesive and adhesive forces.

Phase Change

The transition from one state of matter to another, involving energy changes.

Heat of Fusion

The energy required to change a solid at its melting point into a liquid.

Heat of Vaporization

The energy required to change a liquid at its boiling point into a gas.

Supercritical Fluids

State of matter beyond critical temperature and pressure, where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist.

Vapor Pressure

The pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid at a given temperature.

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

Mathematical relationship that describes the phase transition between liquid and vapor states.

Phase Diagram

A graph showing the states of matter as a function of temperature and pressure.

Liquid Crystals

Substances that exhibit properties of both liquids and solids, characterized by some molecular order.