Zoology Lec. Quiz 1

zoology

the study of animals

(zoo = zoological park) (log = word)

absorption feeders

fungi

eukaryotic

Has a nucleus, dna in membrane, membrane bound organelles (mitochondria, endo retic, chloroplasts)

cell walls are in what 3 groups?

plants, bacteria, fungus.

Eubacteria

Prokaryotic

Unicellular

Some autotrophic/ Some heterotrophic

Cell Wall PRESENT

Circular Chromosome

Archaea

Domain of unicellular prokaryotes. extreme environments.

Some autotrophic/ Some heterotrophic

Cell Wall PRESENT

Genetics Similar to Eukaryotes

Circular Chromosomes

What is an animal?

-eukaryotic

-no cell walls

-multicellular

-motile at least during part of life

-ingestion feeders

protista

Eukaryotic

Unicellular

Some Autotrophic/ Some Heterotrophic

Cell Wall PRESENT

Large in size

Linear Chromosomes

fungi

Eukaryotic

Multicellular

Heterotrophic; absorbs food.

Cell Wall PRESENT

Filaments

No locomotion

Linear Chromosomes

plantae

Eukaryotic

Multicellular

Autotrophic

Cell Wall PRESENT

No locomotion

Linear Chromosomes

Why do we classify organisms?

humans like to put things in boxes to organize, not perfect.

What is taxonomy?

creating boxes heirarchy of subcategories & naming them.

(Study of principles of scientific classification, systematic ordering/naming of organisms.)

What is phylogenetics?

ancestral trees showing relation of organisms. relationships so taxonomic groups make sense. (origin, diversification of taxon, history of origin) shown in dendrogram

Aristotle

First taxonomist, put fungi and plants in same group. evolves over time.

two kingdom system

animal and plant (Linnaeus). first modern classification system.

five kingdom system

Monera(bacteria) -> Protista -> plantae -> Fungi -> animalia

(Whittaker)

six kingdom system

Archaebacteria -> Eubacteria -> Protista -> Planae -> Fungi -> Animalia (Woese)

the three-domain system

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya (Woese)

How do we characterize animals?

-symmetry

-organizational complexity

-types of embryonic tissues present

-developmental pattern

-segmentation

-BODY PLAN (Bauplane)

mitochondria and chloroplasts

endosymbionts

Giardia

carried by beavers, in most natural waters.

biggest wedge of named species pie chart

beetles 22%

plural forms of:

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Domians, Kingdoms, PHYLA, Classes, Orders, Families, GENERA, Species.

the species name is the

specific epithet

plural of taxon

taxa

more than half of named species are what type of animal?

insects

family names of animals end with

-idae

family names of plants end with

aceae

plant phyla end in

-phyta

humans and roundworm's part ways at what taxonomic level?

phylum

body plan term

bauplan

bilateral symmetry

two-sided symmetry (humans)

radial symmetry

Symmetry about a central axis. (jellyfish)

Asymmetry

no symmetry (sponges)

insects have more _____________ _____________ than sponges.

organizational complexity

development

progression of life stages.

1st stage of development

zygote (fertilized diploid cell)

ova

unfertilized haploid cell (gamete)

increasing complexity on Body Plans reflects what?

evolutionary development through animal history.

primitive definition and its opposite

-like the ancestor.

-opposite; derived.

transverse plane

line that divides the body into upper and lower sections.

frontal plane

Divides the body into front and back portions.

sagital plane

divides the body into left and right halves

Acoelomate

without a coelom (flatworms, proboscis worms).

Pseudocoelomate

Having a body cavity formed from a persistent blastocoel and lined with mesoderm on only one side. (Lacks peritoneum)

Eucoelomate

true body cavity, describing animals with a body cavity completely lined with mesodermal tissue (segmented worms)

schizocoelous

Pattern of formation of the body cavity common in protostome development, in which initially solid masses of mesoderm split, forming the body cavity

enterocoelus

folds of archenteron form coelom (deuterostome)

segmentation is found in what 3 phyla?

-Annelida (earth worms)

-Arthropoda (lobsters)

-Chordata (myotomes of fish)

What does animal need to do to "make a living?"

Obtain enough nutrients to Survive. If surplus>

Grow, if surplus grow to be old enough to>

Reproduce.

Homeostasis

maintenance of internal stability.

what two groups can maintain internal temperature? why?

-mammals and birds

-costly (energy)

skeletal system

endo/exo/hydrostatic skeleton.

bone's function

form structures muscles attach to, cranium protects brain.

hydrostatic skeleton

a fluid-filled internal cavity surrounded by muscle tissue

muscles can only do what?

pull/ contract

Because muscles can only pull when they contract, they often work in ___.

antagonistic pairs (work against each other).

integumentary system functions

skin and glands that:

-protect

-prevent water loss/gain

-cooling

-chemical communication (pheromones)

digestive system function

breaks down food physically/chemically

what in saliva breaks down food, what does it break down?

amylase, amylose

function of stomach acid

barrier to pathogens

stomach acid pH

2

If food is in the gut, is it in the body?

No, only if in the bloodstream.

The nervous and endocrine system both function as

signaling systems

Is the nervous system electrical?

No

what is a nerve impulse?

sudden temporary reverse of charge +- to -+.

Do some phyla not have a circulatory system?

Yes

circulatory system functions as __________ transport

material (hormones, nutrients, gas exchange, waste exchange, some immune cells)

the circulatory system is a ___________ loop.

closed

the lymphatic system is not a _________ loop but a ________ way function.

closed, one way

lymphatic system controls what

fluid balance (recycling fluid) & immunity (take up, pathogens, waste material, fluids. (FILTER that breaks down waste).

excretion

The removal of metabolic waste from the body

metabolic (nitrogenous) waste

biproducts of chemical processes

Dark part in bird shit

feces

white part in bird shit

nitrogenous waste

Osmoregulation

regulation solute balance thru osmosis.

Respiratory better known as:

GAS exchange

Do RBCs have a nucleus?

nope

why are protists taxonomically difficult?

diversity

monophyletic

ALL descendants came from one common ancestor

Protist characteristics

NOT animals

NOT monophyletic

Unicellular eukaryotes, but colonial

Internal specialization, very complex

Microscopic mostly

Symmetries found in group

feeding modes found in group

Is the amoeba group itsown phylum?

No

Why are most protozoans more complex than cells in human body?

one cell does ALL processes, no specialized cells.

term denoting structures found within a cell

organelles (performing specific functions)

Algae are

photosynthetic

what do cells get from photosynthesis? Is it enough to sustain the organism?

glucose, NO needs other nutrients (electrolytes)

Another term for photosynthesizer?

photoautotroph

protozoa are auto/heterotrophs?

heterotrophs (most ingest whole prey).

eating solid food called

phagocytosis

eating solid food (engulfed into cell) is called

endocytosis

eating liquid food

pinocytosis

pathogenic protists consume what?

resources from host (parasitic)

protozoans have a ________ level of organization.

simple

protozoans can be unicellular or _____________

colonial

Seaweed is an example of

very large colonies of protists

does colonial = multicellular?

No

In protozoan colonies is there much differentiation between cells?

No, but can have simple division of labor (specialization).

Mitosis is the division of what?

nucleus

Do protists reproduce sexually or asexually?

both

2 examples of asexual reproduction in protists

1. Binary fission

2. Multiple fission (schizogany)