geography end of years

good results of the one-child policy

• better houses & schools

• better overall resources

• lowered taxes

• lowered population

bad results of the one-child policy

• female infanticide

• large gender gap

• high crime rates

• forced abortions

• low workforce

• aging population

cause of one-child policy

severe overpopulation causes a famine & puts pressure on resources

punitive measures of the one-child policy

• forced abortions

• fired from government jobs

• fined

incentives of the one-child policy

• higher wages

• priority in schools

• better healthcare and housing

• retirement funds

• lower taxes

when was the start & end of the one-child policy?

1979-2015

one-child policy

a chinese program that prohibited families to one child per family

consequences of underpopulation

• shortage of workers

• low levels of production

• resources under used

• high taxes

• lack of government income

• small market for goods and services

• low value of exports

consequences of overpopulation

• not enough housing

• water and air pollution

• shortage of food and water

• high crime rates

• more energy needed

• more waste disposal

• more infrastructure needed

• poverty

• lack of employment

• lack of healthcare

• lack of education

depopulation

decrease in population

gender gap

imbalance in the number ratio of girls to boys

replacement value

the number of children a couple must have in order to replace themselves

pro-natal

encourages births to increase population and birth rate

eg: russia

anti-natal

restricts births to bring birth rate & pressure on resources down

eg: china

calculation for dependency ratio

dependancy ratio = dependants / economically active population * 100

stage 5 of DTM

very low birth rate & low death rate creates a natural decrease in population

stage 4 of DTM

low birth rate & low death rate creates a stable population

stage 3 of DTM

lowering birth rate & stabilising death rate creates a slow increase in population

stage 2 of DTM

high birth rate & decrease in death rate creates rapid increase in population

stage 1 of DTM

low population growth

calculation for natural population change

birth rate - death rate ÷ 10

ageing population

a population where majority of the population are 65+

ageing: grey

the increase in the number of elderly people

life expectancy

the number of years an average person born in a country can expect to live

economically active age group

people aged 15-64

dependency ratio

the number of people who are too young or too old to work

non-economically active age group

children under 15 and adults over 65

optimum population

resources = people

eg: norway

under-population

resources > people

eg: canada

over-population

resources < people

eg: nigeria

infanticide

deliberately causing the death of a child under 1 years old

DTM

demographic transition model

population density

how many people per kilometre squared

population distribution

how people are spread out within a specific area

fertility rate

average number of chidren per mother

population explosion

a sudden increase in the population of a country

natural decrease

death rate is higher than the death rate

natural increase

birth rate is higher than the death rate

death rate

number of deaths per year per 1000 population per year

birth rate

number of live births per year per 1000 population per year

refugee

leaves a country because of war

TEMPORARY

remittances

sending money back home from a foreign country

internal migration

migration within a country

pull factors

something that makes people want to come to a country

push factors

something that makes people want to leave a country

skilled migrant

when people want experts in their country

illegal immigrant

people who are in a country illegally

labour/economic migrant

hope for better economic oppurtunities

asylum seeker

a person fleeing for fear of being killed

PERMANENT

destination

where you go to

origin

where you are originally from

emigration

when you leave your country to live in another

EXITING

immigration

when you leave a country to go to another

ENTERING

migration

the movement of people permanently

international migration

the movement of people from one country to another

subsidies

sum of money given by government as an incentive

inoculation

disease preventing injections

skilled migration

a migrant with a tertiary education

causes of increased population

• more disposable income

• more job opportunities

• lack of family planning

• culture to have large families

• children to work

• people can have children at a young age

• better healthcare (eg. more hospitals, doctors, vaccines)

• in case some die, others will support parents

• more food available (better nutrients/health)

capital of niger

niamey

problems in nigeria from overpopulation

• not enough housing

• pollution of air and water

• shortage of food and water

• high crime rates

• not enough health care and schools

• congested roads

barometer

an instrument used to measure air pressure using millibars

air pressure

the force exerted on the earth by the air above

wind vane

instrument used to measure wind direction

digital anemometer

an instrument that measures wind speed

cup anemometer

a non digital instrument that measures wind speed

rain gauge

an instrument used to measure precipitation in mm

beaufort scale

a scale for estimating wind speed using the effects of it

stratus clouds

• low clouds

• below 6,000 feet

• form in flat layers

cumulus clouds

• 6,000 - 18,000 feet

• fluffy clouds that cover the sky

• light rainfall

cirrus clouds

• thin wispy clouds

• above 18,000 feet

• ice clouds

• no rain

wet and dry bulb thermometers

instrument used to determine relative humidity

how do wet and dry bulb thermometers work?

• one bulb places the muslin cloth in water

• dry bulb measures actual temperature

• difference between the two ==> HUMIDITY

• find where the two figures meet in the RELATIVE HUMIDITY TABLE to find relative humidity

• large difference between figures ==> LOW RH%

• small difference between figures ==> HIGH RH%

maximum - minimum thermometer

instrument that records the highest and lowest temperatures since the last reset

how does a max//min thermometer work?

• u shaped tube contains alcohol//mercury that expands//contracts when temperature changes

• narrow column of liquid on the top of one of the bulbs

• flags within the column indicate min//max temp by the expanding liquids in each tube expanding//contracting

• it is then reset using magnets to move back to current temp

sunshine recorder

measures sunshine

how does a sunshine recorder work?

• glass ball focuses and reflects light

• light burns cardboard sheet

• gaps in burn marks shows blockage of the sun and measures sunshine

stevensons screen

weather station housing instruments to allow a standardised environment

location factors of the stevensons screen

• sited on level ground

• not sited on any ground that could affect temp readings

• surrounded by fence to prevent damage

• door should face away from the sun to avoid direct sunlight

• sited away from artificial heat/cooling systems

• sited in an open are away from trees to not be shaded

structural factors of the stevensons screen

• painted white to reflect sunlight

• 125cm off the ground to avoid heating influence

• hinged door for access

• 65cm high, 60cm wide, 40cm deep

• roof to prevent rain and direct heat

• wooden slats to allow air flow

cloud cover

the amount of the total sky that is covered by clouds measures in OKTAS

oktas

each okta represents one eighth of the sky that is covered by clouds

what are min//max thermometers for?

• greenhouses

• weather stations

• environments where its important to track temp variations over time

what is weather?

day to day changes in the atmosphere

what is climate?

the pattern of weather, usually based off a period of 30 years

what is meteorology?

the study of weather

examples of climate

• tropical

• desert

• polar

• arid

examples of weather

• snow

• fleet

• rain

• hail

doldrums

frequently windless area of low pressure near the equator

convectional rain

• water vapour heats from the earths surface and rises

• cools and condenses into clouds and rains

weather of the equatorial climate

• thunderstorms in the afternoon

• heavy convectional rain

• high mean annual temperatures

• small temperature range - average 26

where are the tropical rainforests located?

between 10°N and 10°S of the Equator

how much rain falls in the rainforest per year?

2000mm

hadley cell

convection currents that cycle between the equator

what is an ecosystem?

a community made up of living things and the non-living environment around them

living part of the ecosystem

biotic

non-living part of the ecosystem

abiotic

emergent layer

• 60m+ tall

• long thin trunk to reach sunlight and rain

• few side branches

• cope with intense heat and rain

• only a few trees break through

• shaped like umbrellas

• big, thick & waxy leaves

examples of emergent layer organisms

• hardwood

• evergreens

• eagles

• monkeys

• bats

• butterflies

canopy layer

• 50% of all forest life

• blocks out sunlight

• made of overlapping branches and leaves

• smooth oval leaves that come to a point

• drier and hotter than other parts of the forest

• plants//animals are specifically adapted