Anthropology unit 2

subsistence strategies

patterns of production, distribution, and consumption that members of a society use to fulfill basic material needs

5 subsistence strategies

foraging, horticulture, agriculture, pastoralism, industrialism

Foraging

a subsistence strategy based on hunting and gathering naturally existing animal and plant resources (collecting) - gender based bc women cannot leave for too long because of infant dependence

optimal foraging theory

foragers attempt to maximize the capture of currency per unit time (Search cost, pursuit cost, and handling)

Diet Breadth

set of food resources utilized at any point in time as defined by the optimal set.

Paleolithic diet

High protein, more micronutrients, more potassium, less sodium

Paleolithic diet bacterias

lots of good bacteria: lactobacillus

how is good bacteria consumed

fermentation

Carrying capacity

population that can be supported by a particular environment using a particular technology

How to change carrying capcity

Populaiton, technology, location(places with more resources)

Traditional foragers pregnancies

4 years appart - high physical activity, low fat diet, long breastfeeding

Modes of production

A way of organizing production: set of social relations through which labor, skills, and tools are used to extract energy from the environment

means of production

The land, labor, technology, and capital used in production

Labor

physical or mental activity by human beings done in the production of goods and sercvices

Capital

any asset that can be used as a source of income

Kinship - mode of production

all have access to the means of production - available to anyone born in that kind of - bands and tribal societies

tributary - mode of production

differential access to the means of production - threat or force underlies control by elites - archaic states - God works thorugh state and elites demand portion of work

capitalist mode of production

differential access to the means of production - owners of the means of production are capitalist because their ownership of capital - workers can't access the means of production

Horticulture

a subsistence strategy based on extensive and non-continuous cultivation of plant foods (small scale)

extensive cultivation

non-intensive use of land, labor, and tools; non continuous use of crop land (large scale)

pastoralism

a subsistence strategy based on domesticated herd animals but may also practice cultivation or traded with cultivators for agricultural produce

Agriculture

intensive and continuous cultivation you don't move you fertilize it and irrigate it

Reciprocity

Exchange of goods and services of equal value by social equals

redistribution

exchange in which goods flow to central unit to be redistributed according to rights or needs

market exchange

Exchange of goods and services in terms of multipurpose money in which price is regulated by supply and demand

reciprocity

generalized. Balanced, negative

generalized degree of reciprocity

exchanges that don't necessarily require a return (for family and or kin)

balanced

get back something in some understood period of time (trade inside community)

negative

attempt to get something for less than what you give (outside of community)

Money

a medium of exchange convertible from one thing to another. (Multiple types of money purposes)

Rai stone of yap

Large artifacts manufactured by the native in micronesia. (Carved out of crystalline and limestone shaped like a disk with a hole) (high value ceremonial gift, largest was 3.6 m diamters 50cm thick 4000kg)

domestication

the process of adapting plants and animals to be dependent on humans for reproduction and to be used as sources of food, wool, transport, or milk

cons of agriculture

shorter/smaller people, worse nutrition, more dental issues, social and nutrition inequality, food shortage risk with lack of mobility

status

a particular social position in a group

Ascribed status

social status that people have little or no choice about occupying (race ethnicity, gender)

Achieved status

Social status that comes thourgh talents, actions, efforts, activities, and accomplishments

Role

the rights and duties associated with a status

unstratified soceities

do not have strata (egalitarian) no social hierarchy - equal access - bands and tribes

stratified societies

have social strata, two or more groups that contrast in status and access to resources (stratus include people of both genders and all ages) (chiefdom and state)

unilineal descent

matrilineal or patrilineal descent (follows one side of family)

patrilineal descent

a system of tracing descent through the father's side of the family

Matrilineal descent

a system of tracing descent through the mother's side of the family

Village head

local leader in a tribal society who has limited authority (leads by example and persuasion and is generous)

Big man

often found in tribes, no political office but through reputation, enterprenurship, and generosity) (nothing to do with heirs)

demonstrate descent

members can cite the names of the genealogical links to the apical ancestor

clans

They say their related to top dog but are they really?

Totem

An animal or plant apical ancestor of a clan

caste

a ranked group that is closed and no movement between levels

class

rnaked group but allows individuals to move from one class to another

Chiefdom

a permenante office in a political structure that is refilled when vacated. (Stratifciation is tied to kinship and realtion to the chief)

chiefly redistribution

flow of resources to and then from the office of the chief

state 4 basic funcitons

population control, judicial system, enforcement, fiscal support

population control:

fixing boundaries, establishment of ctienship categories, taking of a census

Judiciary

laws, legal procedure, judges

enforcement

permanent military and police forces

Fiscal support

taxation

patrilocal residence

cusotmary residence with husbands paternal relatives

matrilocal

residence with the wifes maternal realtives

neolocal

Refers to the pattern in which newly married couples set up their own households

Avunculocal Residence

The male upon maturity will go live with closest male relative (motehrs brother) and then his wife will join him there. Then his son when matured will go live with wifes brothers

Bifurcate merging kinship terminology

Father, father brothers are same descent group and gneeration. Mothers brother is differnt. Mother and mothers sister are the same. Fathers sister is different

generational kinship

all boys around your age are called brothers all girls around same age are sister. All men same age, father all women same age, mother

lineal kinship

how we do it, sister, mom, aunt, cousion

endogomy

Marriage within a social group (maintains power within the group)

exogomy

marraige outside of a social gorup (Help build connecitions with other groups)

Bridewealth

Gift given tot the family of the bride by the family of the groom (makeup for the loss of the womens productiveness female labor is vlauable)

dowry

Gift given to the DUDE

Polygamy

More than one spouse at a time

polygyny

more than one wife at the same time

polyandry

more than one husband at the same time (usually a woman marrying brothers)

sex

bio

Gender

the cultrual construction of sexual differences

sexual dimorphism

Differences in between sexes of the same species in chracteristics not related to reproduction (height, weight, muscle mass) (more visable in gorillas and distant relatives than humans)*humans are very close to eachotehr (15% difference)