Properties of Liquids, Solids, and Solutions Review

These flashcards cover key concepts related to the properties of liquids, solids, and solutions, including intermolecular forces, thermochemistry, and phase changes.

Viscosity is a liquid’s __ to flow.

resistance

For liquids, viscosity decreases as temperature increases because molecules move faster and overcome __ forces.

intermolecular

Enthalpy of Vaporization (ΔHᵥₐₚ) is the energy required to convert a liquid to gas without __ change.

temperature

Vapor Pressure depends mainly on the strength of __ forces.

intermolecular

Hydrogen bonding is a strong type of __ force.

intermolecular

Liquids with similar intermolecular forces tend to mix, which is called __.

miscible

Liquids with very different intermolecular forces form __ mixtures.

heterogeneous

Ion–dipole interactions occur when ionic compounds dissolve in __ solvents.

polar

Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that dissolves at a given __.

temperature

Dissolution is favored when ΔHₘᵢₓ < 0 and ΔSₘᵢₓ > 0, indicating __ in disorder.

increase

Amphipathic molecules have a polar (hydrophilic) head and a nonpolar __ tail.

hydrophobic

Ice floats on water because hydrogen bonding causes __ in the solid state, lowering density.

expansion

__ solids have a sharp melting point and show anisotropy.

Crystalline

Amorphous solids do not have a definite melting point and __ over a range of temperatures.

soften

Ionic solids have __ melting points and are brittle due to repulsion when layers shift.

high

Metals conduct electricity due to __ electrons.

delocalized

A higher Henry’s constant means __ gas solubility.

lower

Sublimation is the phase change from __ to gas.

solid

The triple point is where solid, liquid, and gas coexist in __.

equilibrium