PSYC1007A

Psychology Test Block 1 Preparation

Behaviourism

Focus on observable behaviour, not consciousness.

John B. Watson

Founder of Behaviourism, emphasized nurture.

Stimulus-Response Psychology

Study of relationships between stimuli and responses.

Systematic Desensitization

Gradual exposure to reduce anxiety responses.

Joseph Wolpe

Developed systematic desensitization in 1958.

Conditioned Aversion

Learned dislike towards a specific stimulus.

Aversion Therapy

Associates aversion with undesirable habits.

B.F. Skinner

Emphasized environmental factors in behaviour.

Free Will Controversy

Skinner argued free will is an illusion.

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Focus on unconscious processes influencing behaviour.

Sigmund Freud

Founded Psychoanalysis, emphasized unconscious mind.

ID

Primitive part of personality, seeks pleasure.

EGO

Mediator between ID and reality.

SUPEREGO

Moral conscience, incorporates societal standards.

Conscious Mind

Immediate awareness of thoughts and feelings.

Preconscious Mind

Easily retrievable thoughts just below awareness.

Clinical Case Study

In-depth analysis of individual cases.

Cognitive Psychology

Study of mental processes like thinking.

Humanistic Psychology

Focus on individual potential and self-actualization.

Positive Psychology

Study of strengths and virtues for well-being.

Biological Perspective

Focus on genetic and physiological influences.

Cultural Psychology

Study of how culture influences behaviour.

Evolutionary Perspective

Behaviour shaped by evolutionary processes.

Unconscious

Thoughts and desires below conscious awareness.

UCS

Unconscious influences behavior significantly.

ID

Primitive personality component focused on bodily needs.

Pleasure Principle

Seeks immediate gratification to increase pleasure.

Primary Process Thought

Illogical thinking to satisfy needs through fantasy.

EGO

Decision-making component balancing ID and reality.

Reality Principle

Delays gratification for socially acceptable outlets.

Secondary Process Thinking

Rational, realistic thinking for problem-solving.

SUPEREGO

Internal moral code developed from childhood values.

Conscience

Component of superego guiding right and wrong.

Ego-Ideal

Superego component representing ideal behavior.

Sublimation

Channeling unacceptable desires into socially acceptable actions.

Repression

Keeping distressing thoughts buried in the unconscious.

Projection

Attributing one's feelings to another person.

Displacement

Redirecting emotions from original source to substitute.

Reaction Formation

Behaving opposite to one's true feelings.

Regression

Reverting to immature behavioral patterns.

Rationalization

Justifying unacceptable behavior with plausible excuses.

Humanism

Psychological perspective emphasizing personal growth and freedom.

Abraham Maslow

Key figure in Humanistic Psychology, known for hierarchy of needs.

Carl Rogers

Humanistic psychologist emphasizing subjective experience.

Positive Psychology

Focus on strengths and well-being in individuals.

Individual Freedom

The ability to act independently without constraints.

Potential for Growth

Capacity for personal development and self-improvement.

Carl Rogers

Developed person-centred theory and therapy.

Abraham Maslow

Introduced self-actualisation and hierarchy of needs.

Self-Actualisation

Realising one's full potential and capabilities.

Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's model prioritizing human needs from basic to complex.

Humanism

Psychological perspective emphasizing human potential and values.

Positive Psychology

Study of positive aspects of human experience.

Martin Seligman

Pioneer of positive psychology; focused on happiness.

Positive Subjective Experiences

Pleasurable feelings and thoughts about life.

Positive Individual Traits

Character strengths that contribute to well-being.

Positive Institutions

Organizations fostering positive community and individual growth.

Cognitive Psychology

Study of mental processes like perception and memory.

Ebbinghaus

Pioneered early memory studies in psychology.

Gestalt Psychologists

Focused on perception and holistic processing.

Cognitive Science

Recreates mental processes using computer modeling.

Cognitive Neuropsychology

Studies brain damage effects on mental processes.

Biological Perspective

Explains behavior through physiological and biochemical processes.

James Olds

Studied brain's role in behavior and emotions.

Evolutionary Perspective

Explains behavior through natural selection and adaptation.

Ethnocentrism

Belief in superiority of one's own cultural group.

Cultural Psychology

Examines how culture influences behavior and thought.

Socialisation

Process of transmitting and internalizing cultural norms.

Cross-Cultural Psychology

Studies cultural influences on psychological processes.

Cultural Transmission

Process of passing culture to individuals.

Individualism

Focus on personal goals and self-identity.

Collectivism

Group goals prioritized over individual goals.

Afrocentric Psychology

Theories tailored for people of African descent.

African Psychology

Universal approach to psychological dynamics in Africa.

African-Centered Psychology

Focus on black African worldview and experiences.

Transpersonal Psychology

Explores psychological phenomena influenced by various realities.

Psychology in South Africa

Formal discipline established in the 1920s.

Intelligence Testing

Used historically to justify racist policies.

Critical Psychology

Developed in 1983 to challenge mainstream psychology.

Psychological Association of South Africa (PASA)

Former body that excluded Black psychologists.

Psychological Association of South Africa (PsySSA)

Inclusive successor to PASA formed in 1994.

Wundt's Influence

Guided establishment of experimental psychology in South Africa.

Stellenbosch University

Founded experimental psychology lab in 1918.

UCT Psychology Chair

Hugh Reyburn appointed in 1920.

Rhodes Psychology Department

Founded independent department in 1926.

Wits Psychology Department

Established in 1936, influential in psychotherapy.

Joseph Wolpe

Ranked among top psychotherapists, ex-Wits student.

Arnold Lazarus

Influential psychotherapist, ex-Wits student.

Euro-American Dominance

Western ideas largely shape South African psychology.

Critical Perspective

Evaluate knowledge produced about different cultural groups.

Oppressive Ideologies

Psychology historically used to justify discrimination.

African Psychology

Psychology contextualized within African political differences.

Critical Viewpoint

Analyzing psychological knowledge's origin and impact.

Oppressive Ideologies

Historical justification of harmful psychological practices.

Eurocentric Psychology

Psychology primarily developed from European perspectives.

Local Knowledge

Understanding psychology through indigenous cultural contexts.

Social Problems Solutions

Addressing South Africa's issues with adapted practices.

Psychology Today

Modern psychology shaped by historical evolution.

Diversity in Psychology

Integration of various theoretical models and disciplines.

Psychological Employment Sectors

Distribution of psychologists across various job sectors.