Primary defences against pathogens

Primary defences: non-specific mechanisms- prevent pathogen from ...

Skin = main defence: outer layer = epidermis formed of k...

entering, keratinocytes

Airways = irritated by pathogens + toxins - muscles produces ... action to push out air containing ...

reflex, pathogens

Skin + nails = ... barrier, antimicrobial properties

physical

Tears contain ... with ... enzymes

lysosomes, hydrolytic

eyelashes, ear wax, nose hairs, mucus + cilia all trap...

pathogens

Enzyme cascade: series of enzymes, product of 1 enzyme = ... for the next

Blood clotting: clotting factors released from... + damaged tissue activate an ... ... -> forms blood ...

substrate, platelets, enzyme cascade, clot

Inflammation; tissue ... and becomes ... + ...

... cells (WBC) detect pathogens + release ...

Blood vessels ...- more permeable- more blood to area

Excess tissue fluid -> s...

WBC move thru blood vessels into infected ... to form...

swells, red and painful, mast, histamine, dilate, swelling, tissue, clots

Airway walls:

lined with goblet cells- produce ... - traps pathogens

ciliated epithelial cells line ... + waft mucus containing ... away

Found in: m..., n... t..., s..., i...

mucus, epidermis, pathogens, mouth, nose, trachea, stomach, intestines

When blood vessels cut -> platelets produce ... factors

Insoluble ... created - trap cells + platelets at site of ...

Clot dries + forms ..., as it dries it pulls cells on either side of clot together, ... it.

Under this scab, new .. are made to replace it

(from epidermal stem cells)

clotting, fibres, cut, scab, closing, cells