8 - Dichotomous keys and tree of life

dichotomous key

taxonomic tool to identify organisms

true

true or false: a dichotomous key depends on the set of organisms being considered and is not a generalization

opposing

the couplets in a dichotomous key comprises of ______ character states

Domain Eukarya

most closely related and nested within the Archaea

membrane-bound organelles; multicellular

distinct characteristics of Domain Eukarya

Bacteria and Archaea

the prokaryotes

cell wall; binary fission; heterotrophic OR autotrophic

characteristics of prokaryotes

present; absent

the peptidoglycan in the cell wall is _________ in bacteria while ____________ in archaea

small & simple; complex

the RNA polymerase in bacteria is ______ while in archaea it is _______

inhibited; not inhibited

bacteria has a/an _________ antibiotic sensitivity while archaea’s is ________

present; absent

the peptidoglycan in bacteria cell walls is ______ while in archaea it’s ____________

unbranched; branched

membrane lipids in bacteria have carbon chains that are __________ but in archaea it’s _________

spirillum; bacillus; coccus

different forms of bacteria

Cyanobacteria

blue green algae but not real algae

Cyanophyta

Cyanobacteria are formerly Division ________

photosynthetic

Cyanobacteria are ________ bacteria

Archaea

they are more closely related to eukaryotes than Eubacteria

methanogens, halophiles, thermoacidophiles

Archaea that live in harsh conditions

nuclear membrane; unicellular or multicellular

the Eukaryote supergroups have _______ and are _____________

protists

unicellular eukaryotes

Excavata

some have excavated feeding groove on one side of the body

Excavata

locomotory organelle is flagellum

Excavata

parasite and free-living

diplomonads; parabasalids; euglenozoans

types of Excavata

mitosomes

diplomonads have ____

hydrogenosomes

parabasalids have __________

mitochondrion

euglenozoans have ______

Phylum Euglenozoa

chlorophyll a and b

Phylum Euglenozoa

no cell wall

Phylum Euglenozoa

one long and one short flagellum

Phylum Euglenozoa

predatory heterotrophs and photosynthetic autotrophs

Giardia; Trichomonas

Species under Excavata

Euglena; Trypanosoma

species under Phylum Euglenozoa

DNA similarities

the SAR supergroup is formed because of _______

Rhizaria

move and feed by means of pseudopodia

amoeboid and non-amoeboid protists

Rhizaria are composed of _______

false

true or false: Rhizarias are monophyletic

Radiolrians; Foramineferans; Cercozoans

Under Rhizaria

Phylum Radiolaria

internal skeletons made of silica

Phylum Radiolaria

pseudopodia radiate from central body

microtubules; cytoplasm

Rhizaria pseudopodia is reinforced by ________ covered in _______

Phylum Foraminifera

test is a calcareous, porous shell

swimming; test formation; feeding

Phylum Foraminifera pseudopodia extend through pores for ______, __________, and __________

Phylum Foraminifera

have algal symbionts

Alveolates

characterized by membrane enclosed sacs under plasma membrane

Alveolates

photosynthetic and heterotrophic

Dinoflagellates; Apicomplexans; Ciliates

types of Alveolata

dinoflagellates

cells reinforced by cellulose plates

dinoflagellates

has two flagella

dinoflagellates

half are heterotrophic

dinoflagellates

responsible for red tides

Pfeisteria

organism under dinoflagellates

Phylum Apicomplexa

parasitic in animals

sporozoites

infectious cells in Apicomplexa with a complex of organelles for penetrating hosts

apicoplast

modified plastid of Apicomplexa and has red algae origin

Phylum Ciliophora

locomotory organelle is cilia

true

cilia is both the locomotory and feeding organelle of Ciliates

Phylum Ciliophora

mostly predatory

Phylum Ciliophora

dimorphic nuclei composed of macronucleus and micronucleus

primary endosymbiosis

primary origin is cyanobacteria

secondary endosymbiosis

primary origin is either red algae or green algae

Euglenids, Chlorarachniophyte

organisms that came from green algae endosymbiosis

Stramenophiles, Alveolates

organisms that came from red algae endosymbiosis