Genomes Microbology

Who coined the term "genome"?

Hans Winkler

What is the fundamental heritable unit confirmed by Avery & Griffith's work?

DNA

What is the standard, right-handed form of DNA found in cells?

B-form DNA

What are the structures in the DNA helix where proteins bind?

Major and minor grooves

What is the undefined region where prokaryotic DNA is packaged?

The nucleoid

What proteins do BACTERIA use to package DNA into looped domains?

NAPs (e.g., HU, Fis, H-NS)

What proteins do ARCHAEA use to package DNA?

Histones

What is the chromatin-like structure formed by archaeal histones?

Archaeasomes

What proteins do EUKARYOTES use to package DNA?

Histones

What is the basic unit of eukaryotic DNA packaging?

The nucleosome

What are the enzymes that manage DNA supercoiling?

Topoisomerases

What class of topoisomerase introduces negative supercoils in bacteria?

Class II (Gyrase)

What is a key bacterial topoisomerase targeted by quinolone antibiotics?

Gyrase

What is the model of replication where new DNA has one old and one new strand?

Semi-conservative replication

Where does DNA replication begin in a bacterial chromosome?

Origin of replication (oriC)

What is the key bacterial protein that initiates replication at oriC?

DnaA

What complex do ARCHAEA and EUKARYA use to initiate replication instead of DnaA?

ORC (Origin Recognition Complex)

What is the large protein complex that carries out DNA synthesis?

The replisome

What is the main replicative DNA polymerase in BACTERIA?

DNA Polymerase III

What are the short, discontinuous DNA fragments on the lagging strand?

Okazaki fragments

What is the primary chromosome structure in BACTERIA and ARCHAEA?

Single, circular chromosome

What is the primary chromosome structure in EUKARYA?

Multiple, linear chromosomes

Where is DNA located in a eukaryotic cell?

Within the nucleus

Small, circular, extrachromosomal DNA molecules common in prokaryotes.

Plasmids