lecture 4

The average pH of blood is approximately...

7.4

Plasma primarily consists of ____________.

Water

Where are blood cells produced?

Bone marrow

What is the name of the protein found in red blood cells that binds oxygen?

Hemoglobin

Which plasma protein is the most abundant?

Albumin

Which hormone is released in response to hypoxemia (low blood oxygen)?

Erythropoietin

Which organ(s) produce erythropoietin?

Kidneys

Which two organs break down old/defective red blood cells?

Liver and spleen

Neutrophils
WBC

C. Help fight bacterial infections

A. Combat parasitic worms

Basophils
WBC

E. Role in inflammatory response

Lymphocytes
WBC

D. Role in specific immune response; some produce antibodies

Monocytes
WBC

B. Enlarge into macrophages, phagocytize pathogens

Which white blood cells are most abundant?

Neutrophils

True or false: A platelet is a complete cell.

False

Place the phases of hemostasis in the correct order.

Vascular spasm


Platelet plug formation


Coagulation

Anemia

E. Low RBC count

Leukopenia

A. Low WBC count

Thrombocytopenia

D. Low platelet count

Leukocytosis

G. High WBC count

Thrombus

F. Stationary blood clot

Embolus

H. Mobile blood clot

Polycythemia

B. High RBC count

Hemophilia

C. Genetic condition; prevents proper blood clotting

What is the name of the membrane that encases the heart?

Pericardium

List the layers of the heart wall in order from outermost to innermost?

Epicardium
Epicardium

Myocardium
Myocardium

Endocardium
Endocardium

The right side of the heart carries ________ blood; the left side of the heart carries ________ blood.

deoxygenated, oxygenated

Right atrium

D. Receives deoxygenated blood from superior/inferior vena cava

Right ventricle

A. Discharges deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary trunk

Left atrium

B. Receives oxygenated blood from lungs via pulmonary veins

Left ventricle

C. Discharges oxygenated blood to aorta

Superior/inferior vena cava

A. Transports deoxygenated blood from body to the right atrium

Pulmonary trunk/arteries

Pulmonary veins

D. Transports oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

Aorta

C. Transports oxygenated blood to body

Tricuspid valve

A. Prevents backflow of blood between the right atrium and right ventricle

Pulmonary semilunar valve

C. Prevents backflow of blood from pulmonary trunk into right ventricle

Bicuspid/mitral valve

B. Prevents backflow of blood between the left atrium and left ventricle

Aortic semilunar valve

D. Prevents backflow of blood from aorta into left ventricle

Place the structures in order as blood flows through the pulmonary circuit (start with the right atrium).

Pulmonary arteries
Right atrium

Pulmonary trunk
Tricuspid valve

Lungs
Right ventricle

Right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve

Right atrium
Pulmonary trunk

Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary arteries

Pulmonary semilunar valve
Lungs

Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary veins

Left atrium
Left atrium

Place the structures in order as blood flows through the systemic circuit (begin with the left atrium).

Left atrium
Left atrium

Body
Bicuspid/mitral valve

Bicuspid/mitral valve
Left ventricle

Left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve

Aortic semilunar valve
Aorta

Vena cava
Body

Aorta
Vena cava

The ________ arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the myocardium.

coronary

Which structure generates each heartbeat (serves as the heart's pacemaker)?

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Place the parts of the heart's intrinsic conduction system in order as a signal is generated and travels through the heart.

Atrioventricular (AV) node
Sinoatrial (SA) node

Bundle of His/atrioventricular bundle
Atrioventricular (AV) node

Purkinje fibers
Bundle of His/atrioventricular bundle

Sinoatrial (SA) node
Right and left bundle branches

Right and left bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

Which part of the brain regulates the activity of the heart?

Medulla oblongata

What does an ECG/EKG directly measure?

Electrical activity of the heart

P wave

C. atrial depolarization

QRS wave/complex

A. ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

T wave

B. ventricular repolarization

Heart rate and stroke volume determine a person's . __ . __.

cardiac, output

the term for a low heart rate (

bradycardia

The term for a rapid heart rate (>100 bpm) is

tachycardia

Artery

C. Transport blood away from the heart

Vein

B. Transport blood toward the heart

Capillary

A. Allow exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid

Tunica intima

A. Innermost layer, composed of endothelium

Tunica externa

C. Outermost layer, composed of areolar connective tissue

Tunica media

B. Middle layer, composed of smooth muscle

Arteries have a thick tunica relative to veins.

media

Veins have a thicker tunica . relative to arteries.

externa

Arteries become . in size as they get farther from the heart

smaller

Veins become . in size as they carry blood toward the heart.

larger

Blood pressure is highest in the _________.

Arteries

Average blood pressure is...

120/80 mm Hg

Venous blood is returned to the heart via the muscle pump and the . pump.

skeletal, respiratory

True or false: Hormones are a major influencer of blood pressure.

True

Which of these is a function of the lymphatic system?

Houses immune cells
Transports leaked fluid back to the cardiovascular system
Aids in absorption of lipids

Lymph fluid is derived from...

Plasma

Most lymph is returned to the cardiovascular system via the . duct.

thoracic

Red bone marrow

A. Tissue responsible for hemopoiesis

Thymus

B. Site of T lymphocyte maturation

Lymph nodes

C. Site of lymph filtration

Tonsils

G. Structures found in pharynx and oral cavity; capture and combat pathogens

Spleen

D. Largest lymphatic organ; filters blood and serves as a storage site for white blood cells

Peyer's patches

F. Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue found in small intestine

Lacteals

E. Lymphatic capillaries found in digestive tract; aid in absorption of lipids/lipid-soluble substances

In which region would you NOT find a large concentration of lymph nodes?

Cephalic

Which of these is NOT part of the lower respiratory tract?

Alveoli

Which of these is part of the conducting zone?

Trachea

Which tissue makes up the walls of the alveoli (air sacs of the lungs)?

Simple squamous epithelium

Which tissue lines the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, and larger branches of the bronchial tree?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

The function of the nasal conchae is...

Slow flow of air as it passes through the nasal cavity

Which region of pharynx is a passageway ONLY for air (i.e. does not pass food/liquid)?

Nasopharynx

The vocal cords/folds are found in the...

larynx

Which structure prevents the entry of food/liquid into the lower respiratory tract?

Epiglottis

This structure is fitted with c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings to maintain patency of the airway.

Trachea

True or false: All branches of the bronchial tree are reinforced with cartilage.

False

Bronchodilation

A. Widening of the airways, caused by relaxation of smooth muscle

Bronchoconstriction

B. Narrowing of the airways, caused by contraction of smooth muscle

The fluid produced by some alveolar cells that reduces surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse is called...

surfactant

Alveolar gas exchange (also called external respiration) occurs when ___ moves from the alveoli into the blood and ______ moves from the blood into the alveoli.

oxygen, carbon dioxide

The right lung has __ lobes and the left lung has ___________lobes.

3, 2

The region of the lung where the bronchial tree, vessels, and nerves enter is called the ....

hilum

The .... pleura covers the surface of the lung while the ..... pleura lines the thoracic cavity.

visceral, parietal

What might occur if intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures were to equalize?

Atelectasis

Which of these does NOT occur during expiration?

Increase in thoracic cavity volume

How is most oxygen transported in the blood?

Bound to hemoglobin

How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

As bicarbonate ions

Which parts of the brain regulate inspiration and expiration?

Medulla oblongata and pons

Chemoreceptors send signals to the brain based on changes in ____ levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid to aid in regulation of respiratory rate/depth.

carbon dioxide