Pyschology Final

Which of the following characteristics relates to consciousness?

Awareness of one’s own cognitive activity, including thoughts, feelings, and sensations

What term describes the unconscious perception of stimuli that normally exceed the absolute threshold but fall outside our focus of attention

perception without awareness

What name is given to information processing that involves conscious awareness and cognitive effort and that interferes with the performance of other ongoing activities

controlled processing

What is meant by automatic processing?

 

Information processing that requires less conscious awareness and cognitive effort and that does not interfere with the performance of other ongoing activities

Which of the following characteristics describes the conscious mind?

The level of consciousness that includes the cognitive experiences that we are aware of at a given moment

What describes the level of consciousness that contains thoughts, feelings, and memories that influence us without our awareness and that we cannot become aware of at will?

unconcious mind

What is REM Sleep

 

The stage of sleep associated with rapid eye movements, an active brainwave pattern, and vivid dreams

What therapy type is based in the idea that thought processes mediate behavioral change?

cognitive behavioral therapy

What is meant by latent content?

The true, though disguised meaning of a dream

Which of the following characteristics relates to activation-synthesis theory?

The theory that dreams are the by-products of the cortex’s attempt to make sense of the spontaneous changes in physiological activity generated by the brain stem during REM sleep

Which of the following refers to an induced state of consciousness in which one person responds to suggestions by another person for alterations in perception, thinking, and behavior?

hypnosis

What term best describes the hypnotic enhancement of recall?

 

hypermnesia

What name is given to a state in which the mind is split into two or more independent streams of consciousness?

dissociation

Which of the following refers to suggestions directing people to carry out particular behaviors or to have particular experiences after leaving hypnosis?

posthypnotic suggestions

What name is given to chemicals that induce changes in mood, thinking, perception, and behavior by affecting neuronal activity in the brain?

psychoactive drugs

What name is given to psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity?

stimulants

What is the purpose of function of conciousness

to make us more reflective, flexible, adaptive, and less reckless

What is meant by biological rhythms?

 

Repeating cycles of physiological changes

Which of the following best relates to circadian rhythms

Twenty-four-hour cycles of physiological changes, most notably the sleep-wake cycle

Which of the following refers to an endocrine gland that secretes a hormone that has a general tranquilizing effect on the body and that helps regulate biological rhythms?

pineal gland

What term is used to describe a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior resulting from experience?

learning

Which of the following refers to a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being associated with a stimulus that already elicits that response?

classical conditioning

What is meant by a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

 

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a particular conditioned response after being paired with a particular unconditioned stimulus that already elicits that response

Which of the following refers to the establishment, in classical conditioning, of a conditioned response to a neutral stimulus that has been paired with an existing conditioned stimulus?

higher-order conditioning

What term is used to describe, in classical conditioning, the use of words as conditioned stimuli?

semantic conditioning

What is meant by stimulus discrimination?

In classical conditioning, giving a conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus but not to stimuli similar to it

Which of the following characteristics relates to extinction?

 

In classical conditioning, the gradual disappearance of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, which of the following refers to the reappearance after a period of time of a conditioned response that has been subjected to extinction?

spontaneous recovery

What is meant by instrumental conditioning?

 

A form of learning in which a behavior becomes more or less probable, depending on its consequences

Which of the following characteristics relates to operant conditioning?

B. F. Skinner’s term for instrumental conditioning, a form of learning in which a behavior becomes more or less probable, depending on its consequences

In operant conditioning, what name is given to an increase in the probability of a behavior that is followed by a desirable consequence?

positive renforcement

What is meant by the Premack principle?

 

The principle that a more probable behavior can be used as a reinforcer for a less probable one

In operant conditioning, which of the following refers to a neutral stimulus that becomes reinforcing after being associated with a primary reinforcer?

secondary reinforcer

In operant conditioning, what term describes a stimulus that indicates the likelihood that a particular response will be reinforced?

discriminative stimulus

In operant conditioning, what name is given to a procedure that involves the positive reinforcement of successive approximations of an initially improbable behavior to eventually bring about that behavior?

shaping

What term describes learning to perform a behavior that terminates an aversive stimulus, as in negative reinforcement?

escape learning

What name is given to learning to prevent the occurrence of an aversive stimulus by giving an appropriate response to a warning stimulus?

avoidance learning

What term describes an operant conditioning procedure that uses tokens as positive reinforcers in programs designed to promote desirable behaviors, with the tokens later used to purchase desired items or privileges?

token economy

Which of the following characteristics relates to latent learning?

Learning that occurs without the reinforcement of overt behavior

What term is used to describe relationships between behaviors and their consequences, such as positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction, and punishment?

behaviorial contingencies

Which of the following characteristics relates to emotion?

 

A motivated state marked by physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and cognitive experience

Which of the following refers to a state of physiological arousal that enables us to meet sudden threats by either confronting them or running away from them?

fight-or-flight response

What is meant by prosody?

 

 

The vocal features of speech other than the words themselves

Which of the following characteristics relates to social-comparison theory?

The theory that happiness is the result of estimating that one’s life circumstances are more favorable than those of others

What term is used to describe the theory that humor is amusing when it makes one feel superior to other people?

disparagement theory

Which of the following refers to the theory that happiness depends on comparing one’s present circumstances with one’s past circumstances?

adapation-level theory

Which of the following characteristics relates to the James-Lange theory?

The theory that specific patterns of physiological changes evoke specific emotional experiences

What term describes the theory that the brain counteracts a strong positive or negative emotion by evoking an opposite emotional response?

 

opponenet-process theory

What name is given to the theory that particular facial expressions induce particular emotional experiences?

facial-feedback theory

What is meant by the two-factor theory?

 

The theory that emotional experience is the outcome of physiological arousal and the attribution of a cause for that arousal

Which of the following characteristics relates to cognitive-appraisal theory?

 

The theory that our emotion at a given time depends on our interpretation of the situation we are in at that time

Which two divisions of the nervous system are powerfully involved in emotional experience?

 

the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

What term describes the test that assesses lying by measuring changing patterns of physiological arousal in response to particular questions?

polygraph test

What name is given to a method that assesses lying by comparing physiological arousal in response to information that is relevant to a transgression and physiological arousal in response to information that is irrelevant to that transgression?

guilty knowledge test

Which of the following refers to the theory that an emotion is produced when an event or object is perceived by the thalamus, which conveys this information simultaneously to the cerebral cortex and the skeletal muscles and sympathetic nervous system?

Cannon Bard Theory

Both Linda and Bob receive A’s on a major term paper. While Linda is happy, Bob is overjoyed. Both Ken and Carolina are rejected by someone each of them loves. While Ken is sad, Carolina is These examples demonstrate what characteristic of emotions?

Emotions vary in intensity

While he is stopped at a traffic light, a large tree branch suddenly falls across the hood of Tom’s car. Most likely, this unexpected event _____.

stimulates Tom’s flight or flight response.

The latest research on the amygdala suggests that the amygdala is ____.

more sensitive to unpleasant stimuli than pleasant stimuli

 

Damage to a person’s frontal cortex would most likely affect emotion in what way?

The person would react more strongly than the situation called for.

The ______ helps to control changes in breathing and heart rate during the fight-or-flight

hypothalamus

Which of the following characteristics relates to personality?

 

An individual’s unique, relatively consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving

In Freud’s theory, which of the following refers to the part of the personality that contains inborn biological drives and that seeks immediate gratification?

Id

In Freud’s theory, what name is given to the part of the personality that helps the individual adapt to external reality by making compromises between the id, the superego, and the environment?

ego

What is meant by the reality principle?

 

The process by which the ego directs the individual to express sexual and aggressive impulses in socially acceptable ways

Which of the following characteristics relates to the superego?

 

In Freud’s theory, the part of the personality that acts as a moral guide telling us what we should and should not do

In Jung’s theory, what term describes inherited images that are passed down from our prehistoric ancestors and that reveal themselves as universal symbols in art, dreams, and religion?

archetypes

Which of the following refers to a relatively enduring, cross-situationally consistent personality characteristic that is inferred from a person’s behavior?

trait

In Freud’s theory, which of the following refers to a process that distorts reality to prevent the individual from being overwhelmed by anxiety?

defense mechanism

In Sheldon’s theory, what name is given to a physique associated with a particular temperament?

somatotype

A general characteristic of personality theories is that they ________.

often reflect the theorists’ own personal life experiences

The impetus for Sigmund Freud’s personality theory was his interest in _____.

how the mind affects physical symptoms

What two forces did Freud believe motivated a great deal of human behavior?

sexuality and aggression

What term describes a person’s characteristic emotional state, first apparent in early infancy and possibly inborn?

temperament

In Maslow’s theory, which of the following refers to the individual’s predisposition to try to fulfill her or his potential?

self-actualization

Which of the following characteristics relates to a self-schema?

Specialized cognitive structures about the self

In Bandura’s theory, what name is given to a person’s belief that she or he can perform behaviors that are necessary to bring about a desired outcome?

self-efficacy

In general, a weakness of the dispositional approach to personality is that ___.

it can describe personality quite adequately but cannot explain it

Personality researchers who are _____ believe cognitive and situational factors guide a person’s decision making.

cognitive behaviorists

In contrast to Skinner’s strictly behavioral views on personality, the social cognitive approach emphasizes _____.

active and interpretive mental processes

Which theory of personality stresses the observation of adult behaviors as well as the concept of reciprocal determination in the development of a child’s personality?

Bandura’s social-cognitive theory

Which of the following characteristics relates to psychopathology?

 

The study of psychological disorders

Which of the following refers to a legal term attesting that a person is not responsible for his or her own actions, including criminal behavior?

insanity

What term describes the model that considers that psychological disorders are the result of an interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors?

biopsychosocial model

Which of the following refers to a model that explains how a psychological disorder can result from the interaction of a predisposition for a disorder with a trigger that converts the predisposition into the actual disorder?

diathesis-stress model

What name is given to a psychological disorder marked by persistent and unrealistic worry that disrupts everyday functioning?

anxienty-disorder

What is meant by generalized anxiety disorder?

An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent state of worry that exists independently of any particular stressful situation and often interferes with daily functioning

Which of the following characteristics best relates to panic disorder?

An anxiety disorder marked by sudden, unexpected attacks of overwhelming anxiety, often associated with the fear of dying or “losing one’s mind”

Which of the following refers to an anxiety disorder marked by excessive or inappropriate fear?

phobia

What term describes a phobia of a specific object or situation?

specific phobia

What term describes a phobia of a specific object or situation?

social anxienty disorder

What is meant by agoraphobia?

 

A fear of being in public, usually because the person fears the embarrassment of a panic attack

Which of the following characteristics relates to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

An anxiety disorder in which the person has recurrent, intrusive thoughts and recurrent urges to perform ritualistic actions

What is a dissociative disorder?

A psychological disorder in which thoughts, feelings, and memories become separated from conscious awareness

What term describes a dissociative disorder, more commonly known as multiple personality disorder, in which the person has two or more distinct personalities that alternate with one another?

 

dissociative identity disorder

What name is given to a disorder marked by depression so intense and prolonged that the person may be unable to function in everyday life?

 

major depressive disorder (MDD)

What is meant by seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?

A mood disorder in which depressive symptoms occur during a particular season, usually the winter but sometimes the summer

Which of the following characteristics relates to bipolar disorder?

A mood disorder marked by periods of mania alternating with longer periods of major depressive disorder

Which of the following refers to a mood disorder marked by euphoria, hyperactivity, grandiose ideas, annoying talkativeness, unrealistic optimism, and inflated self-esteem?

mania

What term describes a class of psychological disorders characterized by grossly impaired social, emotional, cognitive, and perceptual functioning?

schizophrenia

What name is given to a psychological disorder characterized by enduring, inflexible, maladaptive patterns of behavior?

Personality disorder