Year 10 Geography

Sink/Regulating Services

The process in the natural environment that absorbs our waste. E.g. decomposition of our waste.

Source/Provisioning

Natural Products that can be converted and used by humans e.g. mineral deposits.

Service/Support Services

Things done for us by natural environment that does not produce consumable products e.g. conversion between CO2 to O2 by forests.

Spirituality/Cultural Services

Personal relationships humans have to the land/environment e.g. nature brings wellbeing and connection to many while to others they have a deep understanding and care for nature and it connects to their culture.

Cause of Coral Bleaching

Increase in water temperature by one degree

Change in Water Quality

Increased sun exposure

Extremely low tides

Consequences of Coral Bleaching

Coral becomes under stress causing it expels the algae in it’s tissue which causes it to go transparent and show it’s skeleton. It is not dead yet but is starved or close to starvation and diseases causing it to die. Coral protects the coastlines from eroding and they are a source of food and medicine for many. They also protect biodiversity.

Solutions to Coral Bleaching

Reduce energy consumption at home

Minimise use of fertilisers

Use reef safe sunscreen

Take public transport

Use less water

Create less rain runoffs

Egocentric

Focusses on their own personal interests and wealth and how the environment can help them profit in life.

When it comes to battling environmental management they will generally turn plans down if it interfears with their life style.

An example of this is Trump.

Anthropocentric

Focusses on how humans are the dominant species and only values the environment based on how it is useful to them.

They generally do not care for environmental management unless it benefits humans.

Henry Ford is an example of this view.

Technocentric

Environmental problems can be solved using scientific advancements in technology.

Biocentric

Humans aren’t superior to other species and they promote biodiversity. Differs from ecocentric as it focusses on living organisms rather than the physical environment.

Generally are on board with helping the environment when it is impacting different species.

Jane Goodall is an example of this.

Ecocentric

Humans are part of the biotic community and that we should modify our behaviours to protect ecosystems that we belong to/use.

Pushes for management plans to be put in place to help save our environments.

Greta Thumberg is an example of this.

Climate Change

Change in the worlds climate due to human and natural causes.

Global Warming

Change in global temperatures or climate due to Human expansion of the ‘greenhouse effect’.

Greenhouse Effect

Sunlight hits the earth with greenhouse gases trapping some of the heat with most reflecting away, this warms the earth.

4 Gases trapped in atmosphere (biggest to lowest abundance)

H2O (Water Vapour), N2O (Nitrous Oxide), CH4 (Methane), CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)

Deforestation (Cause)

Mass removal of trees for housing, agriculture etc.

Fossil Fuels (Cause)

Burning of fossils to energy for transport, power and industry.

Sea Levels Rising (Consequence)

Ice caps melting due to raise in temperature by 1 degree which has caused a rise by 8 inches since 1880. This increases flooding in many regions and countries sinking.

Ocean Acidification (Consequence)

Oceans have been absorbing CO2 emitted by humans which has increased its acidity levels killing coral reefs, reducing calcium carbon in the water etc. Surface waters have had a 30% increase in acidity since 1770’s.

Government (Solutions)

Carbon Tax

Subsides on renewable energy, etc.

Bans on plastic etc.

Paris 2015 Climate Change Agreement

Businesses (Solutions)

Using Local Products

Raise Price on Unsustainable Products

Using Renewable Energy

Changing Packaging to be Sustainable

Planting trees

Individuals (Solutions)

Buying Local Foods

Growing Own Food

Less animal products

Using Public Transport

Draught Proofing

Rain Runoff Proofing

Not using A/C

Using Hybrid/Small/Eco Vehicle

SPICESS

Space, Place, Interconnection, Change, Environment, Scale, Sustainability

BOLTSS

Boarder, Orientation, Legend, Title, Source, Scale

Topographic Maps

Natural and Cultural Features

Natural Features

Physical, natural features of earth such as rivers, lakes, mountains, deserts etc.

Cultural Features

Human made features such as roads, schools, house etc.

Area Reference

4 digit coordinates to a square on a map that gives a general area for a feature. This is generally used for natural features like rivers and lakes.

Grid Reference

6 digit coordinate to a square on a map that gives a specific area for a feature. Generally used for cultural features as it gives you more of a where about for the location e.g. information centre.

Environmental Change

Human and natural processes that occur modifying the environment. E.g. deforestation, erosion, etc.

Sustainability

Maintaining the capacity of the environment.

Ecosystem Services

Benefits the environment provide that humans use.

Pollution (Cause)

Contamination of the environment through adding hazardous and detrimental items. E.g. oil spills.

Coastal Environments

Where land meets sea.

Coastal Changes

Erosion

Inundation

Over Fishing

Ocean acidification

Sea levels rising

Coral Bleaching

Toxic Substances

Coastal Environmental Changes Consequences

Increased intensity and frequency of storm surges and coastal flooding

Increased salinity of rivers and groundwaters resulting from salt intrusion

Increased coastal erosion

Inundation of low-lying coastal communities and critical infrastructure

Loss of important mangroves and other wetlands

Impacts on marine ecosystems such as coral reefs.

Sustainability Importance

Protects our ecosystem and preserves natural resources.

Combats climate change through reducing emissions.

Makes sure that environments are able to keep themselves going.

Aims for equality of resources for individuals.

Management Strategies on Coastal Environments

Adapting to environment e.g. dykes and floating settlements to battle flooding and inundation

Beach Nourishment (artificial sand added to beach)

Groyne’s (artificial structures that trap sand)

Sea walls

Offshore Breakwater