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What are 3 psychological therapies for schizophrenia?
Cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis (CBTp)
Family Therapy
Token Economies
What is a token economy?
A form of therapy where desirable behaviours are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement
How do token economy systems work?
Rewards (tokens) are given as secondary reinforces when socially desirable behaviours are carried out
The tokens can then be exchanged for primary reinforcers - food or privileges
Which type of symptoms do token economies aim to alleviate?
Negative symptoms
Which principle are token economies based on?
Operant conditioning
Are tokens a primary or secondary reinforcer?
Secondary reinforcer
Why are token secondary reinforcers?
Alone they have no value, it needs to be paired with a reinforcing stimulus, a tangible reward (primary reinforcer) in order for it to have value for the patient
Patients learn that it can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer (food, movie etc)
Outline the study of the first use of the token economy system:
Allyon and Azrin (1968)
Trialled token economy system in a ward of women with schizophrenia
Every time on of them carried out a task (making the bed or cleaning) they were given a plastic token embossed with the words (one gift)
These could then be swapped for ward privileges such as watching a film
They found that the numbers of tasks carried out increased significantly
Outline Dickerson et al (2005):
He reviewed 13 studies of the use of token economy systems in the treatment of schizophrenia. 11 reported beneficial effects that were directly attributable to the use of token economies and so supporting the idea that they are effective in increasing the adaptive behaviours of patients with schizophrenia
Outline a study supporting the idea that there are alternative psychological treatments:
Chiang et al (2019) concluded art therapy is a good alternative. Evidence suggests it is a high-gain low-risk approach to managing schizophrenia. Unlike alternatives art therapy is a pleasant experience without major risk of side effects or ethical abuses