Psychological Therapies for Schizophrenia: Token Economies

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10 Terms

1
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What are 3 psychological therapies for schizophrenia?

  1. Cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis (CBTp)

  2. Family Therapy

  3. Token Economies

2
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What is a token economy?

A form of therapy where desirable behaviours are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement

3
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How do token economy systems work?

Rewards (tokens) are given as secondary reinforces when socially desirable behaviours are carried out

The tokens can then be exchanged for primary reinforcers - food or privileges

4
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Which type of symptoms do token economies aim to alleviate?

Negative symptoms

5
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Which principle are token economies based on?

Operant conditioning

6
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Are tokens a primary or secondary reinforcer?

Secondary reinforcer

7
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Why are token secondary reinforcers?

Alone they have no value, it needs to be paired with a reinforcing stimulus, a tangible reward (primary reinforcer) in order for it to have value for the patient

Patients learn that it can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer (food, movie etc)

8
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Outline the study of the first use of the token economy system:

Allyon and Azrin (1968)

Trialled token economy system in a ward of women with schizophrenia

Every time on of them carried out a task (making the bed or cleaning) they were given a plastic token embossed with the words (one gift)

These could then be swapped for ward privileges such as watching a film

They found that the numbers of tasks carried out increased significantly

9
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Outline Dickerson et al (2005):

He reviewed 13 studies of the use of token economy systems in the treatment of schizophrenia. 11 reported beneficial effects that were directly attributable to the use of token economies and so supporting the idea that they are effective in increasing the adaptive behaviours of patients with schizophrenia

10
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Outline a study supporting the idea that there are alternative psychological treatments:

Chiang et al (2019) concluded art therapy is a good alternative. Evidence suggests it is a high-gain low-risk approach to managing schizophrenia. Unlike alternatives art therapy is a pleasant experience without major risk of side effects or ethical abuses