So far CJ

measuring the extent of crime

• explaining trends

• understanding culture

• quality of life

• evidence-based prevention and policies

what does NIBRS stand for

National Incident Based Reporting System

what does NCVS stand for

National Crime Victimization Survey

what does UCR stand for

Uniform Crime Report

crime and demographic trends

• how much crime

• particular locations

• specific age, gender, race etc

culture and subculture

• larger cultural view

• subculture of neighborhoods/communities

• based on data NOT opinions

measuring quality of life

• higher crime typically= lower quality of life

• more tied to social disorder

• physical disorder which is visible of tangible

evidence-based prevention and policies

• target needs

• prioritize resources

• reduction strategries infomed by trends

UCR

• ran by FBI

• data about crime reported to crime

• more than 18,000 reporting departments

UCR Part 1 (8 index offenses)

• most serious

• crime rates

• clearance rate

• demographics

• trends

UCR Part 11 (21 other offenses)

• “less serious”

• arrest rate only

Criticism of UCR

Dark figure of crime

• amount of crime not reported to police

Mischaracterizes crime problem

• “Crime clock”

Inconsistent reporting

NCVS

• BJS & Census Bureau

• Data directly from residents about victimization experience (household and personal)

• Estimated threatened, attempted and completed finding

• interviewed every 6 months for 3 years

• bonding

• telescoping

bonding NCVS

asking about victimization within time frame

telescoping NCVS

indirectly identifying time for past events

NIBRS

• also ran by FBI

• 57 data elements

• broader range of offenses

• lower reporting rates

• group A and B offenses

• 57 offenses (8 index adn 49 others)

• captures “victimless” crimes

• includes attempted and completed offenses

what are the different crime patterns

• age

• region

• race/ethnicity

• gender

• community

• time

• social class

Crime Patterns Age

• highest from 16-23

• adeolescence- limited offenders

• life-course-persistent offenders

Crime Patterns Region

• west has highest vechile theft

• south has highest in all others

• southern subculture of violence

Crime Patterns Race/Ethnicity

people of color are overrepresented

• no more likely to offend

• higher likelihood of arrest adn prosecution

• misperceptions about race and crime

• inequality and systemic discrimination

• institutional racism

Crime Pattern Gender

• males arrested 3Xs more than females

• women= 50% pop but= 15% crime

• increase in rates for females

- property crimes (larceny)

- drug crimes (possessions)

• Chivarly hypothesis

• Parenting hypothesis

• Gender role hypothesis

Crime Patterns Community

• rural areas more violent crimes and drunk driving

• urban areas more property crimes

• stigma for victims varies by setting

Crime Patterns Time

• higher in summer months

• higher in weekends

• higher in around holidays

Crime Patterns Social Class

• “lower” class overrepresented

• inequality is perpeuation

• stress from poverty

• upper class power overall

three perspectives

• legal

• social

• behavior

what are the 5 elements of criminality

• actus reus

• mens rea

• concurrence

• caustion

• harm

actus reus

guilty act

• committinhg some type of offense/action

mens rea

guilty mind

• ill or bad intent on act committed

concurrence

co- occurence

• act and intent happen at the same time

causation

equal or lead to

• the coming together of act and intent causing something negative

harm

damage

• some form of loss of injury

deviance

the actions of a deviant, a person who does not conform to social norms or social expectations

mala in se offeneses

crimes considered inherently evil

mala prohibida offenses

crimes chosen to be illegal

• murder

• rape

• inscent

consensus model (functionalism)

• law is an expression of social values

• law reflects need for order

• assumes consensus on values

• law is impartial and protects public interest

• law is neutral means for resolving disputes

conflict model

• law is a result of battles between people with different levels of power

• politically powerful determine laws to suit their own interests

Criminal Justice System

Various stages that offenders go through from initial contact to final disposition

what are the 3 components of cjs

• police

• courts

• corrections

what do police do

• initial contact

• investigation

• arrest booking

• miranda writing

what do people do

• criminal act alleged

• charge brought forward

• warrent or citaiton issued

what is a police initial appearance

magistrates

• charges, bonds, court date

what is a police bond determination

• unsecured (ROR- written promise)

• secured (pay all or use bondman - pay%)

• cash (pay all IN CASH)

what are the 2 different types of courts

• preliminary hearing

• arraignment

preliminary hearing

is there enough to move forward

what are examples of preliminary hearing

• grand jury decision

• probable cause

• indictment

where are grand jury decisions used for

serious cases

probable cause

reasonable belief a crime was committed

indictment

written statement of charges & evidence

Arraignment

• Charges read

• Initial plea entered

• Trial date set

courts

• Bail or detention pretrial

• No right to bail, there is freedom from excessive bail

• What might influence bail?

what are the 2 processes of the courts

• plea bargain

• trial by jury

what are the sentencing of courts

• issued judgment after guilty verdict

• many punishment options

what are the court appeals

• more court hearings

• disagree with the verdict or sentencing

corrections are based on sentencing outcome by

• community sanctions

• prision

• jail

• death

corrections sanctions

• vary greatly

• from fines to death

corrections release

once all sanctions are satisfied.

entire CJ process

• investigation

• Arrest

• Booking

• Initial appearance

• Preliminary hearing/Grand jury

• Arraignment

• Plea/Trial

• Sentencing

• Appeal (optional)

• Sanction

• Release

Herbert Packer

• crime control

• due process

crime control

• Focus on public protection

• Efficiency

• Maximize resources

• Assembly line

due process

• Focus on the rights of the accused

• Formal structure of the law

• Elimination of mistakes

• Obstacle Course

what is the wedding cake model

• celebrated cases

• heavy-due felonies

• lightweight felonies

• misdemeanors