Unit 2 Exam

Explain how archaea similar and different from bacteria?

similar - both single-celled and lacking a nucleus
different - DNA, cellular machinery, and cell wall structure

Describe the function of the bacterial cell wall

protection, cell division, structural support

Explain how cyanobacteria get their nutrition.

through photosynthesis --- oxygen production, primary production

Why are cyanobacteria important to marine ecosystems?

primary producers and oxygen producers, nitrogen fixation

Describe what a stromatolite is.

layered, sedimentary rock structures created overtime by cyanobacteria

Explain how decay bacteria get their nutrition

heterotrophic - break down waste products and dead organic matter, release nutrients into the environment

Explain how chemoautotrophic bacteria get their nutrition

autotrophic, produce their own organic food using energy derived from oxidizing inorganic chemicals rather than sunlight

Explain why nitrogen fixation is important.

converts nitrogen into ammonia, a form usable by plants to build essential proteins and DNA.

Reasons why algae are not considered plants.

- are unicellular without true organs

- lack reproductive parts like embryos

- lack vascular system

Describe the structure of radiolaria

- cell wall made of silica

- protozoa

- heterotrophic, feed using pseudopodia

Describe the structure of foraminifera

- protozoa

- heterotrophic, feed. using pseudopodia

- cell wall made of calcium carbonate

Describe the structure of diatoms

- unicellular algae

- autotrophic, photosynthetic

- cell wall made of silica

Describe the structure of dinoflagellates

- unicellular algae

- autotrophic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic

- cell wall made of cellulose

- moves with 2 flagella

What is the scientific study of seaweeds called?

Phycology

Economic use of algin

used as a thickener, stabilizer, emulsifier, and gelling agent

Which seaweed does algin come from?

Brown seaweed

Economic Use of Carrageenan

used as a thickener, stabilizer, emulsifier, and gelling agent

which seaweed does carrageenan come from?

Red seaweed

Environmental benefit of biofuels

- lower greenhouse gas emissions

- waste reduction

- produce fewer pollutants

Biology of seagrasses

- true roots, stems, and leaves

- photosynthesize

Biology of salt marshes

- along the edges of tidal wetlands

What is a halophyte?

plants adapted to tolerate salty environments

Biology of mangroves

- salt tolerant trees and shrubs

- intertidal wetlands in subtropical and tropical regions

ecological role of eelgrass

- provides habitats for fish, invertebrates, and birds.

Eelgrass habitat

- shallow, sheltered coastal waters, bays, and wetlands

Surfgrass habitat

- wavy rocky shores, low intertidal to subtidal

Function of the holdfast

- anchor to substrate

- no nutrient or water uptake

function of the thallus

- upper part of seaweed

- nutrient and water uptake

function of the stipe

- acts as a stem connecting the blades to the holdfast

function of pnuematocyst

- acts as a flotation device

- provides buoyancy

function of blade

- responsible for photosynthesis

Phylum name of green algae

Chlorophyta

Phylum name of brown algae

Phaeophyta

Phylum name of red algae

Rhodophyta

How is the Plant kingdom different from seaweeds?

- vascular tissue

- flower for reproduction

Sea lettuce

Sea hair

Dead Man's Fingers

Giant Kelp

Feather Boa Kelp

Sargassum

Southern Sea Palm

Bull Kelp

Erect Coralline Red Algae

Encrusting Coralline Red Algae

Salt Grass

Pickleweed

Sea Lavender

Iceplant

Porifera

- the phylum of sponges

- filter feeders

- sessile as adults, planktonic as larvae

- primitive, have no mouth, tissues, or organs

- skeleton made out of spicules that are calcareous or siliceous, or made out of spongin

- incurrent and excurrent pores

- collar cells

- asymmetrical

Cnidaria ecology

- carnivores

- stinging cells on tentacles for feeding

- some attach to surfaces, some are planktonic, and some are weak swimmers drifting with ocean currents

Cnidaria structure

- radial symmetry

- medusa and polyp body form

- oral surface and aboral surface

- cnidocytes have stingers called nematocyst

Scyphozoa

- true jellies

- medusa body form

- statocysts to help balance

Anthozoa

- polyp body form

- can live individually or as a colony

- ex. sea anemones, gorgons, and corals.

Hydrozoa

- alternate between a polyp and medusa body form

- can be very plant-like

- both attached and free-swimming forms

- can e solitary or colonial

Ctenophora ecology

- planktonic carnivores

- feed on other plankton and fish larvae

Ctenophora structure

- radial symmetry

- gelatinous bodies

- 8 rows of ciliary combs for swimming

Platyhelminthes ecology

- Some are parasites