Adolescence

What is thelarche?

onset of breast development

What is pubarche?

appearance of sexual hair

What is adrenarche?

onset of androgen-dependent body changes (hair, odor, acne)

What is menarche?

onset of menstruation

What are the five physical components of puberty?

Rapid acceleration of growth, development of primary sex characteristics, changes in circulatory and respiratory systems, changes in body composition, and development of secondary sex characteristics

What does the endocrine system do?

produces, circulates, and regulates hormones

What are hormones?

highly specialized substances secreted by glands

What are glands?

organs that stimulate parts of body to respond to hormones

What are the 5 sex hormones talked about in class?

Gonadotropin releasing hormone, Luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, androgens, and estrogens

What does gonadotropin releasing hormone do?

turn on your gonads

What does Luteinizing hormone do?

triggers testes to release testosterone and also triggers ovulation

What does follicle stimulating hormone do?

triggers ovulation and produces sperm

What do androgens do?

produces testosterone

Do males or females have more androgens?

males

What are estrogens?

produce estradiol 

Do males or females have more estrogens?

females

What are the three primary glands we talked about in class?

Pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and gonads

What is the pituitary gland responsible for?

regulating hormones

What is the hypothalamus responsible for?

Link to nervous system and endocrine system

What gland is known as the thermostat?

hypothalamus

What are the gonads?

testes and ovaries

What are primary sex characteristics?

needed for reproduction

What are secondary sex characteristics?

sex characteristics that aren’t required for reproduction

What are the primary sex characteristics in girls?

ovaries, vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes

What are the primary sex characteristics in males?

Penis, testes, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles

What are some examples of secondary sex characteristics?

Breast development, deepening of the voice, appearance of facial, pubis, and armpit hair

How many tanner stages are there?

5

What triggers the development of acne?

testosterone

How do the genitals in males grow?

pituitary gland stimulates testes to increase output of testosterone

What stimulates the changes in girls during puberty?

pituitary gland signals the ovaries to boost estrogen production at puberty

At what age does menarche occur?

between twelve and fourteen

What is the secular trend?

overtime, the age at which we start puberty is getting younger and younger

What levels regulate the menstrual cycle?

estrogen and progesterone

What is triggered if estrogen and progesterone levels drop?

menstruation

How many days is the average menstural cycle?

28 days

What is asynchronicity? 

Not all parts of the body grow at the same pace

What explains the gangly look in early adolescence?

asynchronicity

Do boys or girls start the growth spirt earlier?

girls

Are early maturing or late maturing boys more popular in school?

early maturing

Are early maturing girls or late maturing girls more likely to have low self-esteem?

early maturing

What are the three leading causes of death in male adolescent in order?

accidents, suicide, homicide

What are the three leading causes of death in adolescent girls in order?

accidents, suicide, and cancer

How many calories foes the average girl need per day?

1800 to 2400

How many calories does the average boy need per day?

2200 to 3200

What helps prevent osteoporosis in females?

calcium intake

What can elicit eating disorders?

child abuse

Do genetic factors directly cause eating disorders?

no

What is substance use disorder?

persistent pattern of use of substance characterized by frequent intoxication

What is abstinence syndrome?

withdrawal symptoms caused due to lowering the dosage of substances

What do depressants do?

slow the activity of the nervous system

What do stimulants do?

increase the heartbeat and other bodily functions

What are some examples of depressants?

heroin, morphine, and opioids

What are some examples of stimulants?

nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines

What does THC do?

helps you relax, elevates mood, and induces visual hallucinations

What does MDMA (Exstacy) do

frees users from inhibition

What is hypothetical thinking?

Adolescents develop concepts of what might be rather than what is

Peer evaluation _______ or _______ motivation

increases, decreases

What kind of sophisticated symbols are adolescents able to use?

points that have no dimensions, lines that have no width and are infinite in length, and circles that are perfectly round

What are adolescents able to analyze in literature?

metaphors

What does egocentrism look like in adolescents?

They have difficulty sorting out issues that concern others from the issues that concern themselves

What are imaginary audiences?

“main character energy”

What is a personal fable?

belief that one’s thoughts and emotions are unique and special

What three gender differences in cognitive abilities?

verbal ability, visual-spatial ability, mathematical ability

What does verbal ability mean in adolescence?

includes reading, spelling, grammar, oral comprehension, and word frequency

Are females or males better at verbal ability?

females

What is visual-spatial ability?

ability to visualize objects or shapes and to mentally manipulate and rotate them

Are males or females better at visual-spatial skills?

males

Is it easier to raise verbal or visual-spatial ability?

visual-spatial

What is preconventional judgement?

judgement of right and wrong in terms of rewards and punishments

What is the postconventional level?

moral reasoning based on one’s own moral standards and personal values

Is there a gender difference between moral behavior and moral reasoning?

yes

What % of 16 year olds are in stage 5 of Kohlberg’s stages?

20

What % of 16 year olds are in stage 6 of Kohlberg’s stages?

5

What type of thinking is absent in developing societies?

postconventional

What are some early predictors of dropping out?

reading below grade level, excessive absence, and low SES

What is an identity crisis?

Turing point in development during which one examines one’s values and makes decisions about life roles

What is exploraiton?

involves active questioning and searching among alternatives to establish goals, values, or beliefs

What is commitment?

stable investment in one’s goals, values, or beliefs

What are the four types of identity statuses?

identity diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and identity achievement

What is Identity diffusion?

characterizes those who have no commitments and who are not in the process of exploring alternatives

What is foreclosure?

indicated those who have made commitments without considering alternatives

What is moratorium?

characterizes those who are actively exploring alternatives in an attempt to form an identity

What is Identity achievement?

indicates those who have explored alternatives and have developed commitments

What types of identity Stauses do we usually see before high school?

Identity diffusion and foreclosure

What types of Identity Statuses do we usually see during high school?

moratorium and Identity achievement 

What is self-esteem?

growing cognitive maturity of young adolescents

What is a Clique?

group of five to ten individuals who hang around together and share activities and confidences

What is a crowd?

Large, loosely organized group of people who may or may not spend much time together

When does dating begin?

during early and middle adolescence

When does peer influence peak?

during mid-adolescence

What is masturbation?

sexual self-stimulation

What is a common sexual outlet in adolescence?

masturbation

Do females or males masturbate more frequently?

males

What is petting?

kidding and touching the breasts and genitals

When does the probability of having had sex rise dramatically?

between the ages of 15 and 19

What is a parents influence of sexual behavior of their child?

teens with close relationship to their parents are less likely to initiate sexual activity at an early age

What are peer influences on sexual behavior of kids?

main reason for sexual activity is peer pressure, peers and media sources serve as a source of sex education