IB Anthro - Production, Exchange, and Consumption

What are the two economic types?

1. Traditional

2. Industrialism

What are the three examples of traditional economies?

1. Foraging

2. Cultivation

3. Pastoralism

What are the three examples of industrial economies?

1. Market

2. Command

3. Mixed

What are the principles of a market economy?

1. Use of money

2. Wage labor

3. Prices determined by supply and demand

What are the four modes of subsistence?

1. Foraging

2. Cultivation

3. Pastoralism

4. Industrialism

What are the four correlates of foraging?

1. band organization

2. social mobility

3. gender based division of labor

4. relatively egalitarian

What is the difference between agriculture and horticulture

Horticulture is non-intensive, uses simple tools, and often results in moving location while agriculture is labor intensive, uses domesticated animals, uses irrigation, and uses the same land continuously.

What is cultivation?

Reliance on domesticated plants.

What is pastoralism?

Reliance on domesticated herds.

What is the difference between pastoral nomadism and transhumance?

In pastoral nomadism, all members of the society follow the herd throughout the year, while in transhumance, part of the society remains to maintain a home village.

What are the 3 types of distribution and exchange?

1. Market Principle

2. Redistribution

3. Reciprocity

What is redistribution?

Goods and services move from local level to center and are eventually redistributed.

What are the 3 levels of reciprocity?

1. Generalized - closely related people, no expectation of immediate or concrete return, can be one-way

2. Balanced - social equals, equivalent exchange, reasonable delay, strained relationship if there is no return.

3. Negative - Between outsiders, attempt to get something for as little as possible, pretty much stealing

What is reciprocity?

Non-market exchange of goods or labor.

What is the World System Theory?

Ranks nations into three categories based on economic power compared to other countries.

What are the 3 categories of the World Systems Theory?

1. Core - Strongest nations that dominate others (US and Europe)

2. Semi-periphery - Intermediate; dominated by core, but dominate periphery. (Brazil)

3. Periphery - Least wealth and influence; dominated by the others. (Namibia and Cambodia)

What are some criticisms of the World Economic System?

• Widening wealth gap

• Indifference to human cost in wealthy countries

• Majority of poor live in states with restricted participation in government

• Assumes material progress is desirable

• Forces traditional societies into “development”

Defenses of World Economic System.

• Middle class is growing

• Wealth is not the only factor in war

• “Rising tide” argument. The rich bring up the whole economy with them.

• Even communist nations are capitalist

Why are people living in industrial societies alienated?

They produce item’s not for themselves but to make an employer profit. This reduces personal interest and sense of accomplishment.

What are 3 reactions to industrialism?

1. Communism

2. Reform movements (Labor unions, government regulation, expanded suffrage)

3. Socialism

What is socialism?

A system in which people as a whole rather than private individuals own property and business.

What is communism?

The working class recognizes their power as a group and take over the means of production. They then share all the property.