BIO 212 - Final Exam

During the relative refractory period of an action potential, a larger than normal stimulus is needed to cause another action potential. This is due to the fact that.

the voltage gated potassium ion channels remain open long enough to hyperpolarize the axon membrane

The term central nervous system refers to the 

BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD  

Schwann cells are functionally similar to 

oligodendrocytes of the central nervous system (CNS) 

The concentration of ions in the chemical environment surrounding the neurons must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly. Which of the following cells Is most responsible for this! 

astrocytes

Nerve impulses leading to the brain carry information about cool temperatures on the skin. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? 

sensory (afferent) division

Bipolar neurons are commonly 

found in the retina of the eye

Cranial nerve II, the optic nerve sends nerve impulses to the brain carrying information about the things we see. These nerve fibers most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? 

sensory (afferent) division 

A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) 

INTERNEURON  

Nerve Impulses are sent to slow the heart's rate of contraction. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous 

PARASYMPATHETIC  

Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials? 

Voltage channels

A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until

the membrane potential has been reestablished

Receptors that respond to changes in room temperature are found in the skin. Which of the following pairs of classifications below best fit the receptor type that is being described above

thermoreceptors that are also exteroceptors 

Which or the following Is the correct simple spinal reflex arc? 

receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector

Mixed cranial nerves containing both motor and sensory fibers include all EXCEPT which of the following?

Optic

Problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve

vestibulocochlear 

An action potential is regarded as an example of a positive feedback. Which of the following examples below best illustrates the positive feedback aspect of an action potential

A threshold stimulus will cause the opening of voltage gated sodium ion channels that will cause further depolarizing stimulus

Which of the following is NOT a function of the autonomic nervous system? 

A SYSTEM OF MOTOR NEURONS THAT INNERVATES ALL MUSCLE CELLS

The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the

absolute refractory period

Which of the choices below describes the ANS?

motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. 

Meningitis can be caused by infection of the central nervous system by bacteria. Which cells would be most responsible for removing the infection? 

MICROGLIA 

Which of the following is NOT true of graded potentials?

They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point

These cells in the CNS have cilia that move in order to circulate cerebrospinal fluid 

ependymal cells  

We can touch our finger to our nose while our eves are closed in part because we can sense the position and movement of our joints as well as the length of stretch in our muscles. These sensations create awareness of our body's positioning. The following receptors are most likely responsible for this ability. 

proprioceptors 

As a cook chops red onions he begins to tear up due to activation of the lacrimal gland. Which of the following nerves provided the stimulus? 

The facial nerve

Feeling a gentle caress on your arm would likely involve all of the following Except 

Lamellar corpuscles

If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, what would be the result in the tissue or region that nerve supplies? 

stop transmitting impulses from the CNS to the effector organs. 

A patient is suffering from the inability to distinguish various types of odors. This patient may have damage to which of the following? 

Olfactory Nerve

Which receptors respond to stimuli within the body? 

Introceptors

The cranial nerve that emerges from the pons and serves the motor and proprioceptive functions of the eyeball is the 

abducens nerve

The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges

arachnoid and pia mater

What groove separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

The central sulcus 

Which of the following structures is probably NOT directly involved in memory?

Medulla

Which or the Following Is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury?

Concussion

The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the

The lateral fissure (Sylvian fissure) 

The lateral sulcus separates which lobes?

Temporal from parietal  

Nuclei of cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), and VIl (facial) are found in the 

Pons

What type of cells line the ventricles of the brain?

EPENDYMAL

The ____ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

Diencephalon

The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the. 

parietal

The blood-brain barrier IS effective against

circulating toxins or pathogens that could cause brain infections

The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensing a full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the 

gustatory cortex  

The corpora quadrigemina are found in the 

MIDBRAIN (POSTERIOR) 

The large commissure that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the 

corpus callous

Vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the 

Medulla

A doctor asks her patient to follow the motion of her finger as she moves it up and down, left and right. Which of the following cranial nerves is NOT being tested? 

VESTIBCOCHELAR  

If someone spills very hot coffee (200°F) on their skin, the will likely perceive much pain. Which of the following receptor types is causing this sensation! 

Nociceptors 

A patient has lost the ability to taste food. Which nerve may have been damaged? 

THE FACIAL  

A fracture or the ethmoid bone could result in damage to which cranial nerve? 

Olfactory

Tactile sensation is a combination of touch, pressure, stretch, and vibration. Which of the following is most likely the receptor type that senses tactile stimulation? 

MECHANORECEPTORS  

An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained, I damage to the 

visual association area

The brain stem consists of the 

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata