OTH 514/515- wk 2

tendons

attach muscle to bone. really connect it to the periosteum

ligaments

connect bones together at a joint. often have a dense, taut feel

what are the two types of fascia

superficial and deep fascia

retinaculum

holds organ or tissue in place. transverse thickening of the deep fascia which straps down in a particular location or position

bursa

small fluid filled sack that reduces friction between two structures. protection from hard surfaces of bones

what is the frontal plane also referred to as?

coronal plane

distal and proximal are relating to what

distance of something from trunk or body’s midline

rotation pertains to only what structure

axial skeleton

where can lateral flexion happen

axial skeleton

pronation

turning inwards

supination

turning outwards

where does opposition happen

only at carpometacarpal join of the thumb

occupational performace

act of completing meaningful activities by a person, group, or populations

performance skills

goal directed actions that contribute to occupational performance

what does the Model of Human Occupation identify as a component of volitional (chosen) performance of roles, habits, and routines?

identifies it as motor skills

where do most flexion and extension movements happen?

sagittal plane

where do abduction and adduction typically occur?

frontal plane

where does most rotatry movement occur?

transverse plane

closed chain

functional movement involves the proximal joints in relation to a fixed distal segment. promote stability. looking at points of contact

open chain

motions involve free movement of the distal body segment in space, allowing joints to move together or independetly of the others

what does moment refer to

turning effect of force. AKA torque

moment arm

perpendicular distance from an axis to the force acting upon it

1st class lever

exerted force and resistive force on opposite sides of axis

2nd class lever

resistive force closer to the axis

3rd class lever

most common in human body. resistive force further from the axisl

load to failure

continue performing an exercise with a given weight until you are unable to complete another repetition, either due to poor form (technical failure) or being unable to move the weight at all (muscular failure)

yield point

maximum stress that can be sustained before tissue failure

plastic deformation

the permanent, non-recoverable change in a solid material's shape that occurs when the applied stress exceeds its yield strength

where is cortical bone found

shaft of long bones. supplies rigid support

where is cancellous (spongy) bone found

within marrow cavity and at ends of long bones. higher collagen content

what is the articulating ends of long bones covered with

articular (hyaline) cartilage. provides cushion to absorb repetitive compressive forces

joint capsule

forms dense fibrous sleeve around synovial joint

aponeurosis

broad fibrous insertion that often connects adjacent muscles

myofibrils

long cynlindrical strands of contractile proteins

myofibrils are divided into what

sarcomeres or the contractile units of musclec

oiled titin filaments

form a stabilizing border around the myosi

motor units

single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

physiological cross sectional area

refers to the area of a cross section of muscle at its widest pointpe

pennate muscle

fibers oriented obliquely to the tendon. shorter fibers. can exert more force

fusiform muscles

have longer fibers, can apply force over greater range of motion than pennatep

phasic stretch reflex

can activate the agonist or muscle producing the desired motion

golgi tendon organs

slender encapsulated structures located at the junction of muslce and tendons

slow twitch fibers

or type 1 fibers. low force sustained over a long period of time.

fast twitch or type 2 fibers

generating powerful contraction for intense, focused movements

agonist

generates the most force to produce the motion

antagonist

muscles that would normally act to produce the contrary movement needed to relax

fixators

origin of muslce needs to be stable

synergist

assist the prime mover

force couple

muscle working together to stabilize or produce a motion

isometric

muscle contractions without a change in length

isotonic

change of muscle length and joint motion. includes eccentric (lengthening) and concentric (shortening)l

load rate

describes how quickly force is applied to tissue

passive insufficiency

inability of a muscle to elongate enough to allow a joint to move through its full ROM

active insufficiency

occurs when a muscle that crosses multiple joints is shortened over both joints simultaneously. adj fibers maximally shortened, muscle can’t further contract

synovial joints

mobile joints of body

fibrous and cartilaginous joints have…

little or no mobility

close pack position

specific position of a joint in which there is maximal contact between articular surfaces. maximal tension on the surrounding ligaments

open pack position

least surface contact and laxity of surrounding ligaments. increased mobility of joint

what is the most mobile joint?

ball and socket, rotates around 3 axes

ellipsoid joint

oval shaped convex end of one bone articulating with the elliptical concave basin of another bone. motin around two axes

hinge joint

permits only flexion and extension around a single axis

saddle joint

modified ellipsoid joint composed of convex and concave articulating surfaces. motion around two axes

gliding jiont

found between two flat surfaces of adjacent bones and allows the least movement of all synovial joints

pivot joint

single axis with one bone rotating around another

what is validity referred to as?

accuracy

what is reliability referred to as?

consistency

when performing goniometry or MMT where should the patient be positioned?

with the proximal joints stabilized to isolate movement of joint being assessed.

when is goniometry typically completed?

prior to MMT since it can provide some indication of strength

apley’s scratch test

a functional test of shoulder range of motion, flexibility, and strength, performed by reaching behind the back in two ways: one hand from above, touching the opposite shoulder blade, and the other from below, reaching up the back

goniometry

provides precise measure of the amount of active or passive motion available at a joint

components of goniometer

static arm and moving arm extending from axis

for most measurements how do you position a goniometer

axis aligned with joint being measured. static aligned with body segment proximal to joint

interrater reliability

measures the consistency between two or more independent raters when they evaluate the same subject or data to ensure similar scores or ratings are assigned

intrarater reliability

measures the consistency of a single rater in consistently applying a measurement or judgment to the same subject under the same conditions

manual muscle testing

describe the assesment of strength of specific motions produced by specific muscle groups

moment

turning effect of force

action

specific motion muscle can generate at a joint

young’s modulus

stiffness of a material

elastic deformation

ability return normal shape after strain

articular cartilage

covers end long bones. dense connective tissue to absorb force between bones. multiple layers

physiological cross sectional area

muscle at widest point

fascia

passive tissues w/n muscle

flaccid muscle

from loss of innervation to muscle

what does the contraction of the biceps brachii do?

flexes the elbow

what is the action associated with the upper trapezius

elevates the scapula. flexes the cervical spine laterally

since rectus femoris is a two joint muscle what motions can it produce at the hip and knee?

hip flexion and knee extension

sartorius is also a two joint muscle what actions does is have?

at the hip it’s hip flexion and external rotation. at the knee it’s knee flexion and internal rotation

osteokinematics

gross movement of bones in relation to one another

arthrokinematics

movement of joint surfaces in same direction