Menstruation

What is menstruation, and why does it happen?

Menstruation, commonly known as a period, is the monthly shedding of the endometrium, the lining of the uterus. This occurs because, each month, a woman's body prepares for a potential pregnancy. If fertilization of an egg doesn't occur, the thickened lining is no longer needed and is expelled through the vagina, resulting in menstrual bleeding.

Menstrual Cycle Phase: Menstrual Phase

This is the phase where the uterine lining is shed, resulting in bleeding. It typically lasts from 3 to 7 days.

Menstrual Cycle Phase: Follicular Phase

Begins on the first day of menstruation and lasts until ovulation. During this phase, the ovaries prepare an egg for release, and estrogen levels rise, causing the uterine lining to thicken again.

Menstrual Cycle Phase: Ovulation Phase

This is when a mature egg is released from the ovary, usually around the midpoint of the cycle. It's the most fertile time.

Menstrual Cycle Phase: Luteal Phase

Begins after ovulation and lasts until the start of the next period. Progesterone levels rise to prepare the uterus for a potential fertilized egg. If fertilization doesn't occur, progesterone levels drop, and the cycle starts again.

Hormonal Change: Estrogen

This hormone builds up the lining of the uterus during the follicular phase, preparing it for a possible pregnancy. It also influences mood and energy levels.

Hormonal Change: Progesterone

This hormone rises during the luteal phase, maintaining the thickened uterine lining. If pregnancy doesn't occur, a drop in progesterone triggers menstruation. Fluctuations in these hormones can cause mood swings, fatigue, and other symptoms.

Physical Symptom: Cramps (Dysmenorrhea)

Painful uterine contractions.

Physical Symptom: Bloating

Fluid retention causing abdominal swelling.

Physical Symptom: Headaches

Hormonal fluctuations can trigger migraines or tension headaches.

Physical Symptom: Fatigue

Feeling unusually tired due to hormonal changes and blood loss.

Physical Symptom: Nausea

Some women experience nausea or digestive issues.

Physical Symptom: Breast Tenderness

Hormonal changes can cause breast swelling and sensitivity.

Emotional/Mental Symptom: Mood Swings

Rapid and unpredictable changes in emotions.

Emotional/Mental Symptom: Irritability

Feeling easily annoyed or frustrated.

Emotional/Mental Symptom: Anxiety

Increased feelings of worry or nervousness.

Emotional/Mental Symptom: Depression

Some women experience low mood or sadness.

Variability in Symptoms

Every woman's experience with menstruation is unique. Symptoms can vary in intensity and type from person to person, and even from cycle to cycle for the same individual. Factors like age, stress, and underlying health conditions can influence symptoms.

Exercise during Menstruation

Myth: 'Women can't exercise during periods.' Fact: Exercise can actually help alleviate cramps and improve mood.

Myth vs. Fact: PMS

Myth: 'PMS is just an excuse.' Fact: PMS is a real medical condition with physical and emotional symptoms.

Cultural Taboos and Misinformation

In many cultures, menstruation is surrounded by stigma and shame, leading to misinformation and a lack of open discussion. This can result in limited access to menstrual products and education.

Condition: Period Pain

Can be severe and debilitating, requiring medical attention.

Condition: PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome)

A hormonal disorder causing irregular periods, cysts on the ovaries, and other symptoms.

Condition: Endometriosis

A condition where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus, causing severe pain and other complications.

Pain Relief: Heat Packs, Massage, OTC Pain Relievers

Offer heat packs, gentle massage, and over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen.

Emotional Support

Listen without judgment, validate her feelings, and be patient. Avoid dismissing her experience or telling her to 'just deal with it.'

Understanding Cravings

Hormonal changes can cause cravings for comfort foods like chocolate or salty snacks. Be understanding and offer to get her what she needs.

Practical Support

Offer to buy menstrual products, run errands, or handle household chores. Check in on her regularly and be understanding of her need for rest.

When to Seek Medical Help

If she experiences severe pain, heavy bleeding, or other unusual symptoms, encourage her to see a doctor. These could be signs of underlying conditions.

Period Product: Pads

Absorbent material worn in underwear to collect menstrual flow.

Period Product: Tampons

Inserted into the vagina to absorb menstrual flow.

Period Product: Menstrual Cups

Reusable cup inserted into the vagina to collect menstrual flow.

Period Product: Period Underwear

Underwear with built-in absorbent layers.

Talking About Period Products

Be open to discussing her preferences and offer to purchase products. Understand that some products have learning curves, and be supportive during that process.

Importance of Male Education

Understanding menstruation fosters empathy, strengthens communication, and promotes a healthy relationship.

Normalizing Periods

Treat periods as a normal bodily function and avoid making them a taboo topic. Use respectful and open language.

Asking About Needs

Use open-ended questions like, 'How are you feeling?' or 'Is there anything I can do to help?' Express a willingness to listen without judgment.

Thoughtful Gestures

Have pain relief on hand, buy her favorite snacks, offer to make her a comforting meal, or create a relaxing environment.

Things NOT to Say

Avoid phrases like 'it's not that bad,' 'just get over it,' or 'you're just being emotional.'

Intimacy and Affection

Respect her comfort level and communicate openly about her needs. Some women may experience changes in libido during their period.

Cycle Tracking

If she's comfortable, tracking her cycle can help you anticipate her needs and be prepared to offer support. There are many apps available for cycle tracking.