Kinesiology: Chapter 1

Kinesiology

The study of human movement through the application of anatomy, physiology, physics, and mechanics

Mechanics

The study of forces exerted on an object

Biomechanics

The application of mechanics to the study of human movement

Kinematics

How 2 objects move relative to each other regardless of movement forces

Osteokinematics

The movements of limbs through space about a joint (axis)

Example of osteokinematics

Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction

Arthrokinematics

The movement of bone surfaces during joint movement

Example of arthrokinematics

Roll, glide

Kinetics

How forces and torques affect the body

Upper extremities?

Arm, forearm, hand

Lower extremities

Thigh, leg, foot

Kinetic chain

A series of connected rigid links (that influence & predict movement)

What does “fixed” mean?

Closed

Closed kinetic chain

Distal segment is fixed while the proximal is free (ex. rising from chair)

Open kinetic chain

Distal segment is free to move while the proximal is fixed (ex. knee extension while sitting)

Sagittal axis

Line passes through joint from anterior to posterior

Example of sagittal axis

Abduction and adduction

Frontal axis

Line passes through joint from side to side

Example of frontal axis

Flexion and extension

Vertical axis

Line passes through joint from superior to inferior

Example of vertical axis

Rotation

Degrees of freedom (DOF)

Number of planes within which a joint can move

Example of uniaxial DOF

Elbow

Example of biaxial DOF

MCP and CMC joints

Example of triaxial DOF(max #)

Shoulder and hip

Active ROM (AROM)

Muscles contract actively to complete a movement

Passive ROM (PROM)

External force moves a joint through its ROM

Range of motion (ROM)

Amount of motion a joint can move in any of its possible directions