Euro December Test

Crusades

A series of wars between Christians (Catholics) and Muslims in the middle east. They were fought over control over the Holy Land (Israel/Jerusalem). Winning them would mean the Church could increase trade, travel, etc.

Pope Urban II

Pope who began the Crusades and declared that anyone who died in the wars would go to heaven

Chiliastic Belief

The belief that 1000 years after Christ’s death there would be “Judgement Day”

Results of the Crusades

The church only won one of the wars; the mass amounts of death resulted in labor shortages, meaning that the remaining peasants wanted to be paid more. Merchants became very rich, and obtained money for art. A revival of coinage, banking, and cities also occurred.

Black Death

An outbreak of the bubonic plague in Europe. It originated in Asia in 1347, and was brought to Europe through a port in Italy. It ended up killing anywhere from 1/3 - 1/2 of the European population. This made peasants worth even more than they were after the Crusades. This also resulted in less people having faith in the Church, meaning that the RCC began to SLOWLY lose power.

Florence

The Medici family was located in

Milan

The Sforza and Borgia families were located in

Banking

All major renaissance families mostly took up this profession

Oligarchy

Small Group of People ruling over a place

Fresco

Painting on wet plaster, usually with water colors

Water Colors

Easy to make, dull

Mosaics

Picture made out of Small tiles

Tapestry

Woven pictures on cloth

Oil Paints

Hubert van Eyck, More vibrant

Stretched Canvas

Canvas over wood frame

Chiaroscuro

Using lights and shadows

Sfumato

Blending of Edges

Contrapposto

Carving a free standing statue from a block of stuff

Pyramidal Configuration

Draws viewers eye to one spot in the painting

Quattrocento 

15th century paintings/ers

Mannerism

Changed Proportions

Perspective

Looks like real life

Byzantine art style

Flat, No shadow, Front or side, Not real, Very Religious, Early Middle Ages

Gothic art style

“Better”, Brighter, Black Death, More Perspective and Proportion, More Real, Late Middle Ages

Albrecht Durer

German painter and engraver; he used his observations of nature and anatomy to create portraits and religious painting filled with small details

Baldassare Castiglione

An Italian author who wrote the book __**The Courtier**__ in 1528. He described the ideal Renaissance man and woman.

Benvenuto Cellini

A goldsmith and sculptor who wrote an autobiography, famous for its arrogance and immodest self-praise.

Cesare Borgia

A political leader, son of Pope Alexander VI, a member of the Spanish Borgia family, he had ambitions of uniting all of Italy under his control. His father tried to exploit his office for the benefit of his relatives.

Charles VIII

French king, invited by Sforza to invade Florence, fought over Italy with Ferdinand of Aragon in the first Italian war

Cosimo d’ Medici

A wealthy Florentine and an astute statesman, who brought power back to Florence in 1434 when he ascended to power; controlled the city behind the scenes. He skillfully manipulated the constitution and influencing election

Dante

An Italian poet famous for writing the __**'Divine Comedy,'**__ an epic poem that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and Heaven

Donatello

Sculptor. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature.

El Greco

Spanish painter, remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color, Mannerist

Erasmus

Dutch Renaissance humanist. Catholic priest, theologian, teacher.

Brunelleschi

He was a skilled sculptor; dome of the Santa Maria del Fiore, and the Pazzi Chapel

Cervantes

Spanish writer. Wrote __**Don Quixote**__.

Montaigne

The finest representative of early modern skepticism. Created a new genre, the essay.

Machiavelli

The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "__**End justifies the means."**__

Petrarch

Father of Humanism; invented the Sonnet

Mirandola

Wrote __**On the Dignity of Man**__ which stated that man was made in the image of God. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can accomplish.

Bruegel

A Flemish painter, captured scenes from peasants. Hunters in the Snow

Pope Alexander VI

A corrupt Spanish Renaissance pope whose immorality sparked debate about the integrity of the Catholic Church.

Pope Clement VII

A Medici pope who refused to grant Henry VIII an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon; his poor choice of alliances led to the Sack of Rome by Charles V and marked the end of the High Renaissance in Italy.

Pope Julius II

"Warrior pope." Made Michelangelo paint the ceiling

Rabelais

Former monk. French humanist, wrote the comic masterpieces __**Gargantua and Pantagruel**__, stories contained gross humor.

Chaucer

"__**The Canterbury Tales**__", which was poetry that commented on society and the Church, was written by this poet.

Vasari

Italian painter and art historian; wrote The Lives of the Artists. Massive patronage of the arts came from this and was lead by families like the Medici's and also the churches, who saw art as a means of glorifying God.

Giotto

Florentine Painter who led the way in the use of realism.

Boccaccio

A student of Petrarch, he was also a pioneer of humanist studies. Author of "__**Decameron**__."

Savonarola

A Dominican friar in Florence who preached against sin and corruption and gained a large following; he expelled the Medici from Florence but was later excommunicated and executed for criticizing the Pope; wanted to overthrow the Medici Dynasty

Hans Holbein the Younger

Charles VIII’s court painter.

Bosch

Dutch painter; showed contrast between good and evil; parables teaching moral lessons; unearthly quality; __**The Torments of Hell**__

Hubert van Eyck

Developed oil paint. Artist from flanders. Pictures very rich in detail

Jacob Fugger

Headed leading banking, and trading house in l6th century Europe., German business man. Richest banker. Patron of Arts

Jan van Eyck

Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting

Gutenberg

Invented the printing press

Bruni

First to use the term "humanism”

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations. The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503), “Renaissance Man”

Lorenzo de Medici

Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli

Ghiberti

He is best known for the Baptistery Doors

Valla

__**On the False Donation of Constantine**__, proved the document that gave the Pope Power was fake, Father of modern historical criticism.

Lucrezia Borgia

Daughter of Pope Alexander VI: Used in strategic marriages until married to Duke of Ferrara where she ruled political life and patronized the arts

Ludovico Sforza

Invited the French King to invade the Kingdom of Naples, sparking hostilities between France and Spain in Italy.

Masaccio

Florentine artist, **The Tribute Money**. Influence on other artists of the Renaissance.

Michelangelo

Italian Renaissance sculptor, architect, painter, and poet; he sculpted the Pieta and the David, and he painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

Pope Leo X

Began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; Dealt with Luther’s 95 Theses; called Henry VIII “Defender of Faith”

Michelangelo

He painted the __**School of Athens**__. Sistine Chapel Ceiling

Botticelli

Birth of Venus

Sir Thomas More

Englishman, Wrote __**Utopia**__ which presented a revolutionary view of society, in which the problems of society were caused by greed.

Tintoretto

painted ‘Last Supper’ and ‘Crucifixion’

Titian

painted ‘Bacchanal of the Andrians’

Causes of the Reformation

Great Schism, Losing the Crusades, Plague, Babylonian Captivity (Vatican in Avignon, France), John Wycliffe and John Hus, Humanism, Secularism, Papal Abuse of Taxes, Indulgences

Lutheranism

Heaven can be reached by faith alone (justification by faith), Bible only no clergy, Baptism and Communion are the only sacraments, Sex is okay and Y’all can marry, mostly followed the ideology of Luther himself

Martin Luther

Born in Wittenberg, he posted the 95 Theses due to his problems with Indulgences and kick started the reformation (__ONLY WANTED REFORM, NOT NEW RELIGION)__

Tetzel

Came to Wittenberg, 1517, Collecting $ for St. Petersburg (indulgences)

95 Theses

A list of Luther’s problems with the RCC, posted on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany

Diet and Edict of Worms

1521; A set of trials held by the HRE and RCC that declared Luther a heretic and an enemy of the state1521;

Confession of Augsburg

the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Protestant Reformation; written by MELANCHTHON, NOT LUTHER

Schmalkaldic League

a military alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century; made to protect against Charles V

Peasant Revolt

1524; a widespread popular revolt in some German-speaking areas in Central Europe from 1524 to 1525. It failed because of intense opposition from the aristocracy, who slaughtered up to 100,000 of the 300,000 poorly armed peasants and farmers

Peace of Augsburg

1555; a treaty between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Schmalkaldic League, signed in September 1555 at the imperial city of Augsburg. Each prince could now decide whether Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism was to prevail in his land. ("cuius regio, eius religio").

Anabaptism

Christians who believe in delaying baptism until the candidate confesses his or her faith in Christ, as opposed to being baptized as an infant. The Amish, Hutterites, and Mennonites are direct descendants of the movement.

Zwingli

Founded the Swiss Reformed Church and was an important figure in the broader Reformed tradition. Like Martin Luther, he accepted the supreme authority of the Scriptures, but he applied it more rigorously and comprehensively to all doctrines and practices. Laid the groundwork for Calvinism.

John Calvin

Founder of Calvinism

Geneva

This city was a safe place for Calvinists in Europe

Anglicanism

Also called the Church of England, this religion was founded when Henry VIII broke off from the RCC and declared himself the ruler of this new religion

Act of Supremacy

1534; act that established Henry VIII as the leader of both England and of the Church of England

Council of Trent

1545; also known as the counter-reformation, this meeting in the RCC established the index of forbidden books

causes of the Age of Exploration

European leaders wanted a sea trading route, RCC wanted to spread its influence to the “new world”. Everything comes down to the fact that European leaders- particularly in Spain with Ferdinand and Isabella- wanted more money, and, by extension, more power

Alphonso d' Albuquerque

Laid foundation for Portuguese imperialism in 16th and 17th centuries- established strategy of making coastal regions a base to control Indian Ocean

Bartholomew de las Casas

Priest and former conquistador whose father accompanied Columbus on second voyage-proposed black slavery instead of Native Americans

Bartholomew Diaz

Portuguese, first European to reach the southern tip of Africa in 1488.

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who “discovered” the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to India

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator. Killed in the Philippines. First to circumnavigate the Globe

Francis Xavier

Early Jesuit who Carried RCC to India, Japan, and Malacca Straits

Franciso Pizarro

1518 A conquistador like Cortes, who conquered the Incas in Peru and help to begin more advances in South America.

Hernando Cortez

Spanish conquistador who took the Aztec emperor Montezuma captive, then conquered the rich Aztec empire and found Mexico City as the capital of New Spain.

Jacques Cartier

1534, Explored Canada looking for the North West passage, traveled up the St. Lawrence River to Montreal, Discovered St. Lawrence River

Juan Ponce de Leon

Spanish explorer. He became the first Governor of Puerto Rico by appointment of the Spanish crown. He led the first European expedition to Florida, which he named.

Ferdinand and Isabella

Monarchs over Spain that paid for Columbus' voyages to the Americas; headed the Spanish Inquisition