Unit 2 Test (Everything)

Informative Speech

a speech whose goal is to explain or describe facts, truths, and principles in a way that stimulates interest, facilitates understanding, and increases the likelihood of remembering

Intellectually Stimulating

information that is new to audience members and is explained in a way that piques their curiosity

Creative

information that yields innovative ideas

Productive thinking

to contemplate something from a variety of perspectives

Description

method used to create an accurate, vivid, verbal picture of an object, geographic feature, setting, or image

Definition

method that explains something by identifying its meaning

Synonym

a word that has the same or a similar meaning

Antonym

a word that is directly opposite in meaning

Comparison and Contrast

a method that focuses on how something is similar to and different from other things

Narration

a method that explains something by recounting events

Demonstration

a method that shows how something is done, displays the stages of a process, or depicts how something works

Process speech

a speech that explains and shows how something is done, is made, or works

Expository speech

an informative presentation that provides carefully researched in-depth knowledge about a complex topic

Presentational aid

any visual, audio, audiovisual, or other sensory material used to help convey a message in a speech

Visual aid

a presentational aid that allows the audience to see what the speaker is describing or explaining

Audio aid

a presentational aid that enhances the speaker’s verbal message with additional sound

Audiovisual aid

a presentational aid that uses a combination of sight and sound

Other sensory aids

sensory aids any materials that enhance verbal messages by appealing to smell, touch, or taste

Actual object

an inanimate or animate sample of the idea you are communicating

Model

a three-dimensional scaled-down or scaled-up version of an actual object

Diagram

a type of drawing that shows how the whole relates to its parts

Chart

a graphic representation that distills a lot of information into an easily interpreted visual format

Flowchart

a chart that diagrams a sequence of steps through a complicated process

Organizational Chart

a chart that shows the structure of an organization in terms of rank and chain of command

Pie Chart

a chart that shows the relationships among parts of a single unit

Graph

a diagram that presents numerical information in visual form

Bar Graph

a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show relationships between or among two or more variables

Line Graph

a graph that indicates changes in one or more variables over time

Flipchart

a large pad of paper mounted on an easel

Handout

material printed on sheets of paper and distributed to the audience

Primacy-recency effect

the tendency to remember the first and last items conveyed orally in a series rather than the items in between

Startling Statement

an expression or example that grabs listeners’ attention by shocking them in some way

Questions

requests for information that encourage audience members to think about something related to the topic

Rhetorical Question

a question that does not require an overt response

Direct Question

a question that invites an overt response from the audience, usually by a show of hands

Story

an account of something that has happened (actual) or could happen (hypothetical)

Joke

an anecdote or a piece of wordplay designed to be funny and make people laugh

Personal Reference

a brief story about something that happened to you or a hypothetical situation that listeners can imagine themselves in

Quotation

a comment made by and attributed to someone other than the speaker

Action

an attention-getting act designed to highlight and arouse interest in your topic or purpose

Creating Suspense

wording an attention getter so that what is described generates initial uncertainty or mystery and excites the audience

Multimedia Clips

audio or audiovisual snippets or visual screen grabs that spark curiosity about the speech topic

Clincher

a short concluding statement that provides a sense of closure by driving home the importance of your speech in a memorable way

Appeal to action

a statement in a conclusion that describes the behavior you want your listeners to follow after they have heard your arguments

Formal Outline

A full sentence outline of your speech that includes internal references and a reference list.

Organizing

the process of arranging your speech material

Preparation Outline

a first-draft speech outline that identifies main points but does not specify clearly how each is related to the speech goal

Parallel

wording that follows the same structural pattern, often using the same introductory words

Time Order

organizing the main points of the speech in a chronological sequence or by steps in a process

Narrative Order

organizing the main points of the speech as a story or series of stories

Topical Order

organizing the main points of the speech using some logical relationship among them

Logical Reasons Order

organizing the main points of a persuasive speech by the reasons that support the speech goal

Thesis Statement

a one- or two-sentence summary of the speech that incorporates the general and specific goals and previews the main points

Sub-points

statements that elaborate on a main point

Supporting material

evidence you gathered through secondary and primary research along with the logical reasoning you use to link it to the main point it supports

Transitions

words, phrases, or sentences that show the relationship between two ideas

Section Transitions

complete sentences that show the relationship between the main points of a speech

Signposts

words or phrases that connect pieces of supporting material to the main point or subpoint they address

Formal Speech Outline

a sentence representation of the hierarchical and sequential relationships among the ideas presented in the speech

Evidence

any information that clarifies, explains, or otherwise adds depth or breadth to a topic

Secondary research

summary or synthesis of existing research

Primary research

empirical research studies in the real world

Credentials

your experience or education that qualifies you to speak with authority on a specific subject

Hits

links to all sorts of Web pages, images, videos, articles and other sources that include material about the keywords entered into a search engine

Blogs

websites that provide personal viewpoints of their author

Online Social Networks

websites where communities of people interact with one another over the Internet

Periodicals

magazines and journals published at regular intervals

Meme

an amusing or interesting item (such as a captioned picture or video) spread widely online especially through social media

Skimming

a method of rapidly going through a work to determine what is covered and how

Abstract

a short paragraph summarizing the research findings

Valid sources

information sources that report factual information that can be counted on to be true

Accurate Sources

information sources that attempt to present unbiased information and often include a balanced discussion of controversial topics

Reliable Sources

information sources that have a history of presenting valid and accurate information

Stance

an attitude, perspective, or viewpoint on a topic

Fieldwork Observations (ethnography)

a form of primary research where you carefully observe people or groups of people while immersed in their community

Interview

a highly, structured conversation where one person asks questions and another answers them

Interview Protocol

the list of questions you plan to ask

Rapport-building questions

non-threatening questions designed to put the interviewee at ease

Primary questions

introductory questions about each major interview topic

Secondary questions

follow-up questions designed to probe the answers given to primary questions

Open questions

broad-based questions that ask the interviewee to provide perspective, ideas, information, or opinions

Closed questions

narrowly focused questions that require only very brief answers

Neutral questions

questions phrased in ways that do not direct a person’s answers

Leading questions

questions phrased in a way that suggests the interviewer has a preferred answer

Transcribe

to translate interview responses word for word into written form

Hypothesis

an educated guess about a cause-and-effect relationship between two or more things

Factual Statements

information that can be verified

Statistics

numerical facts

Examples

specific instances that illustrate or explain a general factual statement

Hypothetical examples

specific illustrations based on reflections about future events

Definition

a statement that clarifies the meaning of a word or phrase

Expert Opinions

interpretations and judgments made by authorities in a particular subject area

Expert

a person recognized as having mastered a specific subject, usually through long-term study

Anecdotes

brief, often amusing stories

Narratives

accounts, personal experiences, tales, or lengthier stories

Comparison

illuminating a point by showing similarities

Contrast

illuminating a point by highlighting differences

Plagiarism

the unethical act of representing another person’s work as your own

Annotated Bibliography

a preliminary record of the relevant sources you find pertaining to your topic

Research Cards

individual index cards that identify information speakers might cite during a speech