11.1 Organic Chemistry

Name 3 features of homologous series

1. All memebers contain the same functional group. The functional gives that specific homologous series its chemical characteristics.

2. All members have the same general formula

3. Each subsequent compound in the series differes by a CH₂ unit.

Hydrocarbon

A compound containing only Hydrogen and Carbon only.

Give 3 reasons why Carbon forms a large number of compounds.

1. Can form, single, double and triple bonds

2. Can form Carbon chains

3. Carbon forms bonds to other atoms such as Oxygen, Nitrogen and the Halogens.

What is the formula for Alkanes?

CnH2n+2

What is the formula for Alkenes?

CnH2n

What is the formula for Alkynes?

CnH2n-2

Formula for Alkyl group?

CnH2n+1

What is an Alkyl group?

A small fragment of the molecule

What is the formula for Alchohols?

CnH2n+1OH

What is the formula for Carboxylic acid?

CnH2n+1COOH (where n is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule, minus 1).

e.g Decanoic acid contains 10 carbons so n = 10-9 so the molecular formula will be C₉H₁₉COOH.

What is the other formula for carboxylic acids?

CnH2nO2

General formula for ketones?

CnH2nO

What does Aromatic skeleton mean?

• Contains benzene rings

• Benzene rings are hexagonal structures of carbon atoms with a ring of delocalised π-electrons.

What does Aliphatic skeleton mean mean?

A compound containing Hydrogen and Carbon joined together in straight chains, branched chains

Alicyclic

an aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains

Saturated?

only C-C bonds

Unsaturated?

C=C, C≡C

Structural isomers?

Compounds with the same molecular formulae but different structural formulae in 3D arrangement.

Give the suffix and functional group for each of the following:

Alkanes — Alkene — Alcohol — Aldehyde — Ketone — Carboxylic acid— Amine — Nitrile — Amide — Acyl chloride

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Give the prefix and functional group of the follwing:

Branched alkanes — Cycloalkanes — Halogenoalkanes — Hydroxynitrate

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How to name an organic compound- general

1. Find the longest continous carbon chain- gives the stem name

2. Identify the functional group- gives suffix

3. Number the longest chain from the functional group (i.e the base chain)

4. Add side chain (alkyl groups) prefixes

5. Use multipliers if there are multiple identical groups

6. Put the name together- the sides chains are ordered alphabetically

How to name esters

1. Identify the alkyl group from the alcohol- the prefix

2. Identify the acid group and replace ‘-oic’ with ‘oate’ gives the second part of the name

Branched acids or alochols:

1. Number the α-carbon atom next to the ester functional group (COO) as carbon 1.

4. Name other substituents based on their position

How to name