States of Matter and Energy Concepts

These flashcards cover key concepts related to states of matter, energy, and gas behavior, including definitions, equations, and relationships.

States of Matter

The three main states are solid, liquid, and gas, with particle arrangements: solid - close and ordered, liquid - close but random, gas - far apart and random.

Density Equation

The equation for density is ρ = m / V, where density equals mass divided by volume.

Density Units

The units for density, mass, and volume are: Density = kg/m³, Mass = kg, Volume = m³.

Measuring Density

To measure the density of an irregular solid, measure mass with a balance, find volume by displacement in a measuring cylinder, then use ρ = m / V.

Changes of State

The changes of state between solid, liquid, and gas are: melting, freezing, boiling, condensation, and sublimation.

Internal Energy

Internal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy of all particles in a system.

Heating and Internal Energy

When a substance is heated, particles gain energy and move faster, increasing internal energy; during a change of state, potential energy increases instead of temperature.

Specific Latent Heat

Specific latent heat is the energy needed to change the state of 1 kg of a substance without changing its temperature.

Specific Latent Heat Equation

The equation for specific latent heat is E = m × L, where energy equals mass times specific latent heat.

Specific Heat Capacity Equation

The equation for specific heat capacity is E = m × c × ∆θ.

Heating Curve Behavior

On a heating curve during a change of state, temperature stays constant while energy is used to break intermolecular bonds.

Gas Pressure Cause

Gas pressure is caused by the collisions of gas particles with the walls of the container, creating a force over an area.

Effect of Temperature on Gas Pressure

Higher temperature increases particle speed, leading to more frequent and forceful collisions, thus increasing pressure.

Gas Law Relationship

The relationship for a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature is p × V = constant, meaning pressure is inversely proportional to volume.

Work Done on a Gas

When work is done on a gas, its internal energy and temperature increase, provided no heat is lost to the surroundings.

Finding Density of a Liquid

To find the density of a liquid, measure the mass using a balance and volume using a measuring cylinder, then calculate density using ρ = m / V.

Constant Temperature during Changes of State

Temperature remains constant during melting or boiling because energy is used to break intermolecular bonds instead of increasing kinetic energy.

SI Units for Pressure and Temperature

The SI units for pressure and temperature are: Pressure = Pascals (Pa), Temperature = Kelvin (K).

Absolute Zero

Absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature (0 K or –273°C) where particles have minimal kinetic energy.

Particle Motion and Gas Pressure

Faster particles collide more often and with greater force, which increases gas pressure.