reproductive system

gonads (male/female)

primary sex organs

female: ovaries

male: testes

what do gonads produce and secrete

sex cells and hormones

gametes in female and male

female: ova (eggs)

male: sperm

3 parts of male duct system

1. epididymis

2. ductus (vas) deferens

3. urethra

3 accessory organs of male RS

1. seminal glands (vesicles)

2. prostate

3. bulbourethral glands

2 male external genitalia

1. penis

2. scrotum

each lobule of testes contains how many seminiferous tubules in male RS

4

seminiferous tubules

tightly coiled structures that function as sperm-forming factories, and empty sperm into rete testis

first part of duct system

seminiferous tubule.. then rete testis

sperms travels through rete testis to…

epididymis

epididymis

where sperm mature; found in superior part of testis

duct system

transports sperm from the body

sperm cells gain ability to swim over course of ..

20 days in epididymis

ductus (vas) deferens

carries sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct (passageway)

-moves sperm by PERISTALSIS

ejaculation

smooth muscle in walls of ductus deferens create peristaltic waves to squeeze sperm forward

vasectomy

cutting of the ductus deferens at the level of testes prevents sperm transportation

urethra

extends from base of urinary bladder to tip of penis

-carries urine/sperm

seminal glands (vesicles)

“give sperm nutrition”

base of bladder

produce thick/yellow secretion

4 things seminal glands produce

1. fructose 9sugar)

2. vitamin c

3. prostaglandins (protection)

4. other substances that nourish/activate sperm

prostate

encircles upper part of urethra

secretes milky fluid that helps activate sperm

prostatitis

inflammation of prostate

prostate cancer

3rd most common cancer in males

semen

mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions

4 advantages of accessory gland secretions

1. fructose provides energy for sperm cells

2. alkalinity of semen helps neutralize acidic environment of vagina

3. semen inhibits bacterial multiplication

4. enhance sperm motility

scrotum

controls temperature

-maintains testes at 3C lower than normal to protect sperm viability

penis

delivers sperm INTO female reproductive tract

-NO bones but cartilage

-erections occurs when tissue fills with blood during sexual arousal

3 regions of penis

1. shaft

2. glans penis (enlarged tip)

3. prepuce (foreskin)

spermatogenesis

sperm=sperm

genesis=creation

(MAKING SPERM CELLS)

begins at puberty

spermatogonia

stem cells

-undergo mitosis to produce more stem cells before puberty

during puberty which hormone is release (male)

FSH from pituitary gland

testosterone

produced by interstitial cells in testes that stimulates reproductive organ development/sex drive

-important hormone of testes

what hormone activates interstitial cells during male puberty?

LH- anterior pituitary

4 main secondary sex characteristics from testosterone

1. deep voice

2. increase hair growth

3. large skeletal muscles

4. bone growth

3 parts of female reproductive system

1. ovaries

2. duct system

3. external genitalia

ovaries

house ovarian follicles (sac-like structures)

each ovarian follicle consists of.. (2)

1. oocyte (immature egg)

2. follicle cells- layers of diff cells that mature oocyte

primary follicle

contains immature oocyte

vesicular (graafian) follicle

“CHOSEN egg”

growing follicle with a maturing oocyte

ovulation

follicle ruptures when egg is MATURE and ready to be ejected from ovary (every 28 days)

ruptured follicle=

corpus luteum (makes progesterone)

3 parts of female duct system

1. uterine (fallopian) tubes

2. uterus

3. vagina

uterine (fallopian) tubes

main place for egg fertilization by CILIA

-receives ovulated oocyte from ovaries

uterine fimbriae structure

fingerlike projections at distal end

-receive the oocyte from the ovary

uterine cilia structure

inside uterine tube

-moves oocyte towards uterus

uterus

pear-shape muscular organ btw urinary bladder and rectum

-receives, retains, and nourishes a fertilized egg

fundus

top of uterus

-where uterine tube enters

cervix

narrow outlet that protrudes into vagina

3 walls of uterus

endometrium

myometrium

perimetrium

endometrium

“nursery”

inner layer, allows for implantation of fertilized egg

myometrium

middle layer of smooth muscle that contracts during labor

perimetrium

visceral peritoneum

outermost serous layer of uterus

hymen

partially closes the vagina until ruptured

6 external genitalia/vulva

1. mons pubis

2. labia

3. clitoris

4. urethral orifice

5. vaginal orifice

6. greater vestibular glands

mons pubis

fatty area over pubic symphysis

-covered w pube hair

2 labia

SKIN FOLDS

1. labia majora

2. labia minora

labia majora

hair-covered skin fold

enclose labia minora

encloses vestibule

labia minora

delicate, hair-free folds of skin

(inside)

clitoris

erectile tissue, hooded by prepuce

perineum

diamond shaped region btw anterior ends of labial folds, anus posteriorly, ischial bone

ability to release eggs begins at..

puberty

oogenesis

process of producing ova (eggs) in female

meiosis starts ..

inside maturing follicle

ovulation of a secondary oocyte occurs with the release of

LH

meisis completed after ovulation only if ..

sperm penetrates the oocyte

how many chromosomes form?

23

proper name for fertilized egg

zygote

meiosis in male and female

m= 4 functional sperm

f= 1 ovum

3 stages of menstrual cycle

1. menstrual phase

2. proliferative stage

3. secretory stage

menstrual phase

how long you bleed-3-5 days

ovarian hormones are at their lowest

proliferative stage

after bleeding 6-14

regeneration of functional layer of endometrium- repaired, thick, vascularized

-estrogen levels rise

secretory stage

15-28

levels of progesterone rise and increase the blood supply to the endometrium

estrogens are produced by..

follicle cells

-causes secondary sex characteristics

progesterone is produced by…

corpus luteum

prog= PREGNANCY

mammary gland

‘breasts”

function is to produce milk

-PRO LACTIN, OXCYTOCIN, PROGESTERONE

pregnancy

time from fertilization until baby born

conceptus

developing offspring

embryo

period of time from fertilization until wk8

fetus

wk 9 to birth

gestation period

last period until birth

-280 days/40 wks

oocyte viable up to..

24 hrs after ovulation

sperm viable up to..

48 hrs after ejaculation

zygote

fusion of DNA from sperm and egg (23 pair of chromosomes)

cleavage

rapid mitotic cell division, 24 hrs after fertilization

3-4 days

late blastocyst stage

embryo attaches to endometrium

100 cells

blastocyst secretions

secretes hCG to induce corpus luteum to produce hormones

chorionic villi

anchors for nutrients and combines tissues of uterus to form PLACENTA

amnion

fluid filled-sac that surrounds the embryo

umbilical cord

blood vessel-containing stalk of tissue

placenta

babies lifeline

forms a barrier btw mother and embryo

what isnt exchanged in placenta

blood

3 main parts of placenta

-delivers nutrients/oxygen

-removes wastes from embryonic blood

-becomes an endocrine organ, takes over corpus luteum, and makes hormones

false labor

braxton hicks contractions are weak irregular uterine contractions

initiation of labor

*cervix dilate

estrogen levels rise, contractions start, oxytocin release from pituitary

dilation

cervix becomes dilated- 10cm

cervix EFFACES (thins)

expulsion

infant passes through cervix/vagina

head first= vertex position

butt first= breech

after birth

placenta and attached fetal membranes

-delivers placenta

male and female sex chromosomes

male- XY

female- XX

pseudohermaphrodites

peoples who external genitalia dont match their gonads

hermaphrodites

possess both ovarian/testicular tissues