2.4 & 2.5 - Psych Notes

What does 'Nature' refer to in the nature vs nurture debate?

The influence of genetics and biology on development and behavior.

What does 'Nurture' refer to in the nature vs nurture debate?

The influence of the environment and behavior (physical and social) on development.

How do genetics and environment influence an individual's characteristics?

Physical appearance, personality, and cognitive abilities are influenced by both genetics and the environment.

What is the significance of the documentary 'Three Identical Strangers'?

It highlights the complexities of nature vs nurture by showing the lives of triplets separated at birth.

What are ethical guidelines of research?

Social and clinical value, scientific validity, fair subject selection, favorable risk-benefit ratio, independent review, informed consent, and respect for potential and enrolled subjects.

How does brain development relate to cognitive development?

Brain development has a substantial influence on cognitive development.

What role does access to education play in cognitive development?

Access to education represents a nurturing aspect that impacts cognitive development.

Define personality in psychological terms.

The unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguish a person from others.

What does Sigmund Freud propose regarding personality development?

He proposed that personality develops in childhood as our consciousness learns how to control the unconscious.

In Freud's theory, which aspects of personality correspond to Nature and Nurture?

Id corresponds to Nature, while Superego and Ego correspond to Nurture.

What does Carl Jung propose regarding personality traits?

He proposed genetic predispositions towards one dimension in three pairs of dominant personality traits.

What additional criterion did Meyers-Briggs add to Jung's personality types?

Judging – Perceiving.

What are the four main parenting styles identified by developmental psychologists?

Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, and Uninvolved.

What characterizes the Authoritarian parenting style?

Strict rules with little explanation and high demands but low responsiveness.

What is the effect of Authoritarian parenting on children?

It may lead to obedient but anxious children with lower self-reliance.

Describe the Authoritative parenting style.

A more democratic approach, responding to children's needs while providing support and expectations.

What impact does Authoritative parenting have on children?

It leads to children who are happy, capable, and successful.

What describes Permissive parenting?

Indulgent parents with few demands and set rules, prioritizing being a friend over a parent.

What difficulties do children from Uninvolved parenting backgrounds experience?

Struggles in school, depression, poor social relationships, and increased anxiety.

What is Epigenetics?

The study of how the environment can affect the readability or expression of genes without changing the DNA code.

How can environmental factors influence a child's DNA?

Factors like maternal diet during pregnancy, exposure to chemicals, and trauma can impact DNA expression.

What are the stages of language development?

1. Babbling, 2. Short words, 3. 2-3 word combinations, 4. Telegraphic sentences, 5. Plurals and past tense, 6. Overgeneralization, 7. Basic rules of language.

Give an example of a telegraphic sentence.

"Want cookie!" is a telegraphic sentence that conveys meaning but is not grammatically correct.

What does the Learning Theory by B.F. Skinner state about language acquisition?

Language is learned through rewards and punishments.

How does Albert Bandura perceive language acquisition?

Language is learned through observation (mimicking).

What are Schemas according to Jean Piaget?

Mental categories that help us make sense of the world.

What is the difference between Assimilation and Accommodation?

Assimilation is placing information in an existing schema, while Accommodation is creating or modifying schemas.

Describe Chomsky's Innate Acquisition Theory.

Humans are anatomically prepared for speech with a brain structure called the Language Acquisition Device.

What does the Critical Period Hypothesis assert?

Primary language acquisition must occur in a critical period that ends at puberty.

How does language reflect culture according to cultural differences?

Linguistic differences reflect varying circumstances due to geography, history, politics, and culture.

What is the Linguistic Relativity Theory proposed by Whorf and Sapir?

The structure of a language affects how its speakers perceive the world.