Minority Rights

Latino

Spanish-speaking Americans from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Caribbean, Central/South America

Mexican American

Largest Latino group in U.S.; settled in California/SW; key figures like Cesar Chavez

Braceros

Mexican temporary workers in U.S. agricultural programs (1940s-1960s)

Puerto Ricans

Many settled in Northeast (e.g., NYC); advocated for bilingual education

Cubans

Fled Castro's regime; mostly settled in Florida (e.g., Miami)

Barrios

Segregated urban neighborhoods where Latinos lived

Cesar Chavez

Labor leader who founded UFWOC to unionize farm workers

UFWOC

United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (1966); led grape boycotts

Bilingual Education Act

1968 law funding Spanish/English and cultural heritage programs

Chicanos/Chicanas

Term for Mexican Americans expressing cultural pride

Native Americans

Faced poverty, low life expectancy; sought tribal autonomy

Termination Policy (1953)

Failed Eisenhower policy to relocate Natives to urban areas

Declaration of Indian Purpose

1961 document demanding tribal sovereignty

National Council on Indian Opportunity

Johnson-era group addressing Native issues

AIM (American Indian Movement)

Militant group for Native rights founded in 1968

Russell Means

AIM leader who organized "Trail of Broken Treaties" protest

Wounded Knee, SD (1973)

AIM occupation protesting reservation conditions

Indian Self-Determination Act

1975 law granting tribes control over education/services

Feminism

Belief in women's economic/political/social equality

Consciousness-raising

Small-group discussions about women's shared struggles

Betty Friedan

Wrote The Feminine Mystique (1963); co-founded NOW

NOW

National Organization for Women (1966) fighting for gender equality

Gloria Steinem

Founded National Women's Political Caucus to elect women

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Supreme Court legalized first-trimester abortion

ERA (Equal Rights Amendment)

Proposed constitutional ban on sex discrimination

Phyllis Schlafly

Conservative activist who led opposition to ERA

Glass ceiling

Invisible barrier to women's career advancement

Counterculture

1960s youth movement rejecting mainstream values

Hippies

White middle-class youths embracing peace, drugs, communal living

Timothy Leary

Harvard psychologist; "Tune in, turn on, drop out" slogan

Rock 'n' roll

Music genre blending African American R&B; popularized by Beatles

Outrageous clothes

Tie-dye, beads, long hair, blue jeans as rebellion

Communes

Group living arrangements sharing resources

Zen Buddhism

Spiritual focus on meditation/intuition over scripture

Woodstock (1969)

Iconic NY music festival symbolizing peace (400,000+ attendees)

Sexual revolution

Liberalized attitudes toward sex and relationships

Movie rating system (1968)

Created due to more explicit film content

Divorce rates

Rose significantly as marriage norms changed

Charles Manson

Violent crimes damaged hippie image

Drug overdoses

Increasing heroin use caused deaths

Altamont concert

1969 Rolling Stones show turned deadly (Hells Angels violence)