physio exam one

G-proteins

have an a, B, and y subunit that dissociate and “shuttle” between receptor and effector

semi-permeable

allowing some substances to pass

saltatory conduction

propagation of action potential along axons between myelin nodes

paracellular

movement of molecules between cells (only crosses the membrane once, where two cells touch)

peripheral proteins

proteins that are partially embedded on one side of the plasma membrane

catabolism

reactions that release energy from products, break down larger molecules into smaller ones

exocrine

secretes to ducts outside the body

skeletal muscle

tissue with a striped or striated appearance

transcellular

movement of molecules through a cell (by crossing membrane on both sides)

carrier

protein on cell membranes that helps transport substances across membrane

carbohydrates

organic molecule with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

plasticity

ability to change over time; in reference to synaptic connection strength

endocrine

secretes to capillaries inside the body

symport

secondary active transport

lipid

organic molecule consisting of non polar hydrocarbon chains

anabolism

reactions that store energy by putting smaller products together into larger ones

dendrite

receiving end of a neuron

spatial summation

due to convergence of many signals onto one cell

convergence

when signals come together in a single location/on a single neuron

temporal summation

due to successive waves of neurotransmitter release through time

hormone

chemical released into the bloodstream

ribosome

organelle that builds proteins by “reading” mRNA

positive

blood platelets releasing chemical to recruit additional platelets to form a clot is an example of this type of feedback loop

potassium (K+)

under resting conditions, the ion in greatest concentration inside body cells

voltage-gated

term for a channel that will open or close depending on the charge of a cell’s membrane

homeostasis

tendency to maintain a dynamically constant internal environment; the goal of most physiological mechanisms

connective

blood, cartilage, and adipose tissue are all under this broad tissue type umbrella

sensor

part of a feedback loop responsible for detecting a change

enzymes

biological catalysts that reduce the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur d

diffusion

most basic path/term for movement of molecules down their electrochemical gradients

carrier

what type of membrane protein will only ever be open to one side of the plasma membrane at a time?

blood

what type of connective tissue is characterized by a liquid extracellular matrix?

compose genes

which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the body?

• carriers for membrane transport

• enzymes

• compose genes

  • receptors for regulator molecules

autonomic nervous system

which division of the nervous system innervates involuntary effectors?

valence of ion X

what does the z value stand for in the Nernst equation?

increased extra-cellular fluid osmolarity

dehydration might cause _____

• increased water in extra-cellular fluid

• decreased extra-cellular fluid osmolality

• increased extra-cellular fluid osmolality

  • increase in cell volume

squamous

cells that are wider than they are tall have a ______ shape

specific receptor proteins within the cell or in the plasma membrane

regardless of solubility, a cell signaling molecule could not affect a target cell without_____

• being attached to another cell

• a second messenger in the plasma membrane

• specific receptor proteins within the cell or in the plasma membrane

  • all of the choices are correct

occurs down a chemical gradient

which of the following characteristics would be shared by simple and facilitated diffusion of a molecule across a membrane?

• requires a carrier molecule

• requires metabolic energy

• occurs down a chemical gradient

  • occurs with a Na+ gradient

the solution if hypotonic

what can you say FOR CERTAIN if 78% of the cells placed in a solution break open (lyse) from swelling due to water movement?

secondary active transport

which of the following processes is involved if transport of a molecule is inhibited by abolishing the usual Na+ gradient across the cell membrane?

• simple diffusion

• facilitated diffusion

• primary active transport

• secondary active transport

Ca+2 permeability

when an action potential reaches the axon terminal (end of pre-synaptic axon), it triggers an increase in _____ of the membrane to allow for neurotransmitter release

remain bound to the post-synaptic membrane

which of the following is NOT a potential fate of neurotransmitter after release into the synaptic cleft?

• reuptake into the pre-synaptic cell

• diffusion out of the synapse

• remains bound to the post-synaptic membrane

• degradation by enzymes in the cleft

hydrogen

the pH of a solution increases as the _____ ion concentration decreases

absolute refractory period

the period of time when Na+ channels are recovering from their inactive state and K+ channels are still open is the ______

intracellular fluid compartment

most of the water found in the body is in the ____

central and peripheral

what are the first two divisions of the nervous system?

brain and spinal cord

where does the central nervous system innervate?

efferent (motor) and afferent

what are the first two subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system?

autonomic (involuntary) and somatic (voluntary)

what are the divisions of the efferent nervous system?

parasympathetic, sympathetic, and enteric

what are the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

rest and digest

what is the phrase for the parasympathetic nervous system?

fight or flight

what is the phrase for the sympathetic nervous system?

the gut

what does the enteric nervous system focus on?

striations

histological distinction of skeletal muscle

striations and intercalated discs

histological distinction of cardiac muscle

very disorganized appearance, no striations or intercalated discs

histological distinction of smooth muscle

A) hypotonic

B) isotonic

C) hypertonic

Label which solution is isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic

A) resting potential

B) depolarization

C) repolarization

D) hyperpolarization

E) threshold

label the graphs in terms of the name of the membrane potential value or the type of polarization that is occurring