Form + Function II Exam 2 - Important Concepts

In the abdominal cavity; inguinal canal

Where do the testes begin development? What structure do they descend through in order to reach the scrotum?

Vaginal tunic

Once the testes are fully descended into the scrotum, they reside in a sleeve, known as the?

Two; visceral and parietal

The vaginal tunic has how many layers? What are they?

Production of gametes or spermatozoa

What part of the reproductive process occurs in the testes?

Serves as the site of spermatozoa maturation

What is the purpose of the epididymis?

Ductus deferens; carries mature spermatozoa to the urethra

The tail of the epididymis leads to what structure? What is the function of this structure?

The scrotum is incised, and a ligature is placed around the vessels without opening the parietal vaginal tunic

Describe the process of a "closed" neuter

An open neuter

A procedure in which both the scrotum and the parietal vaginal tunic are opened is known as?

Mesorchium

The mesentery of the testes and their vessels and nerves is known as?

Testicular artery and vein, nervous and lymphatic supply, the ductus deferens and mesentery

Which structures does the spermatic cord contain?

The testis to the tail of the epididymis

What two structures does the proper ligament of the testes connect?

Ligament of the tail of the epididymis

Which structure connects the epididymis to the scrotum?

Bulb; the left and right crura

The distinct ___ of the penis is located at its root. Which structures surround it?

Corpus cavernosum penis

Which type of erectile tissue typically originates from the crura and runs bilateral and dorsal?

Originates from the bulb of the penis and surrounds the urethra

Where does corpus spongiosum penis originate? Where does it typically run?

Located at the proximal end of the glans as a rounded enlargement of the corpus spongiosum

Where is the bulbus glandis located and how does it appear?

Urethral groove; urethra runs through

The os penis contains a ____ groove through which what other structure runs?

Secrete a major fluid component of the semen

The main function of the prostate is to?

Internal iliac a. -> internal pudendal a. -> prostatic a. -> artery of the ductus deferens -> caudal vesicle a. -> artery of the clitoris

Describe the arterial tree of the male reproductive tract

Ischiocavernosus m.

Which muscle covers the origin of the crus of the penis?

Covering the bulb of the penis

Where is the bulbospongiosus muscle located?

In the interstitum of the testis by Leydig cells

Where is testosterone produced and by which cells?

Sertoli cells

Spermatogenesis occurs with the help of which cells?

FSH and androgen

The function of Sertoli cells is driven by which hormones?

Anti-mullerian hormone, inhibin, and androgen binding proteins

Sertoli cells secrete what major substances?

Inhibin

Which hormone secreted by the Sertoli cells inhibits FSH release?

There is a high amount of steroid and protein synthesis

Why do Leydig cells contain a high amount of of smooth ER?

Testosterone; dihydrotestosterone

Leydig cells produce ___ in majority, but there is also some production of ___

Transport of spermatids/spermatozoids to the ductuli efferentes and epididymis

What is the main function of the rete testis?

Tunica albuginea; ductus epididymis

The ductuli efferentes pierce the ___ and deliver spermatids to the ____

Prevent activation of spermatozoids and phagocytize part of spermatid cytoplasm

What purpose do the principal cells serve within the ductus epididymis?

Tail of the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

The ductus deferens transport the spermatozoids from the ___ to the ___

Ejaculatory duct

Which structure functions to move the spermatozoids to the urethra?

Seminal vesicles

The highest amount of prostaglandins in the body is produced by what structure?

Urine pH is acidic at around 4, which will render semen useless if they come into contact with each other

Why does the prostate close the urethral connection to the bladder during ejaculation?

Lubrication of the urethra and neutralization of the acidic urine residual content

What function does the bulbourethral gland have?

Genital fold

The mesentery spanning between the two ductus deferentia as they course towards the urethra is the?

Serves for the production of oocytes

What is the main function of the ovaries?

Uterine tube

The site of fertilization in most animals is considered the?

The uterine horn

Once the oocyte leaves the uterine tube, it travels into the?

Mesovarium

The mesentery which surrounds and suspends the ovary is the?

The sac formed by the mesovarium encapsulating and surrounding the ovary

What is the ovarian bursa?

Mesosalpinx

The portion of the peritoneum which connects the uterine tube to the mesovarium is the?

The uterine body and horns

The mesometrium is the mesentery which suspends which organs?

Broad ligament

The combination of the mesenteries of the female reproductive tract is known as the?

The ovary to the last rib/body wall

The suspensory ligament of the ovary connects which structures?

Proper ligament of the ovary

Which structure anchors the ovary to the uterine horn?

Cervix

The separation of the uterine body from the more caudal vagina is the?

Cervical canal

An internal and external uterine ostia serve as the openings of the ____

Vagina

From the cervix to the level of the external urethral orifice is the?

Vestibule

The external urethral orifice marks the position of which reproductive structure?

Dorsal to the external urethral orifice, where the urethra joins the reproductive tract

Where is the urethral tubercle located?

Clitoris; fossa clitordis

The female copulatory organ is the ___, which is surrounded by a?

Right and left labia; vulva

The external genitalia of a female is made up of right and left ___, which join together to form the ___

Rima pudendi

The external opening and caudal border of the vestibule is the?

Internal iliac a. -> internal pudendal a. -> vaginal a. -> uterine a. -> caudal vesicle a. -> artery of the clitoris

Describe the pathway of the female arterial tree

Pelvic n.

What nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the pelvic region?

Hypogastric n.

Which nerve provides sympathetic innervation to the pelvic region?

Pudendal and perineal nn.

What 2 nerves serve the copulatory organ and perineal region?

Iliosacral or sublumbar

The lymphocenter surrounding the termination of the aorta is known by what two names?

Estrus

In which phase of the estrous cycle is an animal said to be sexually receptive, or in "heat"?

Luteal

During a pregnancy, the ovary is said to be in the ___ phase

Progesterone falls; FSH and estrogen rises

Before estrus, ___ falls and ___ and ___ rise

An LH surge

What event precedes ovulation?

Estrogen

Which hormone declines at the end of the period of sexual receptivity?

Gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and outlining hormone

Which hormones come from the hypothalamus and the hypophysis in order to affect the ovary?

In neurons of the hypothalamus

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is synthesized where?

Basophils secrete FSH and LH

Once in the anterior pituitary, GnRH binds to gonadotropin releasing hormone receptors. This causes what to happen within the ovary?

Regulates puberty onset, sexual development, and ovulatory cycles

What general effect does GnRH have in females?

Synthesize aromatase

FSH stimulates granulose cells, which have what function?

Converts androgens to estradiol

What is the function of aromatase?

Luteinizing hormone

Which ovarian hormone is inhibited by estrogen?

Theca cells; stimulated by luteinizing hormone

Which cells synthesize androgens? These cells are stimulated by which hormone?

Estrogen, progesterone, inhibit, and AMH

Which hormones are secreted by the ovary?

Granulosa cells

Which cells synthesize estrogen?

Progesterone

An LH surge stimulates an increase in which hormone?

Corpus luteum

Progesterone is secreted by the?

LH, FSH, and GnRH

High levels of progesterone inhibit which other hormones?

Prepared the endometrium for the implantation and nourishment of a fertilized egg

What effect does progesterone have on the ovary?

A fully mature follicle fills the cortex and bulges onto the surface

Describe the process of ovulation

Secretes progesterone and estrogens, which prepare the uterus for pregnancy

What is the function of the corpus luteum?

Quiescent with one or two sets of old corpus luteum

In the anestrus phase, how does the ovary appear?

Proestrus

In which estrous phase is there a gradual increase in ovarian follicular development and large antral follicles evident?

The ovary has large pre-ovulatory follicles with luteinization of granulosa cells

How does the ovary appear when in estrus?

During diestrus

In which phase is the new corpus luteum fully visible in the ovary?

Estrogen and progesterone

Which to hormones are always present throughout the estrous cycle?

Stratum functionale

Which portion of the endometrium is resorbed during estrus?

Proestrus

Initiation of estrogen secretion and rapid growth of follicles happens during what phase?

Hypertrophy, vascularization and congestion increase in the connective tissue, and neutrophils begin to invade the epithelial lining

What processes occur to the uterus during proestrus?

Proestrus

In which estrous phase are erythrocytes numerous in the vagina?

Estrus

In this phase of the estrous cycle, the uterus increases in cell secretory activity, and connective tissue space has maximal congestion, edema, and hemorrhage

Metestrus

Progesterone secretion starts in which phase?

Gland coiling occurs, and connective tissue edema declines

In metestrus, what occurs within the uterus?

Continues its maximal secretion until the placenta takes over

If pregnancy does occur in diestrus, what is the fate of the corpus luteum?

Diestrus

The uterine glands are extensively coiled in the ___ phase

Late diestrus

In which phase does the vagina appear cytologically similar to anestrus?

False

True or False: Estrus and estrous are synonyms

False

True or False: Spontaneous ovulation requires the act of copulation (sometimes several times) before the ovum is released

The portion rostral to the brain

The viscerocranium is located where on the skull?

Based on what type of food they eat and their lifestyle

Why are there large differences in skull shapes between species?