Human Growth and Development Practice Questions CLEP

Which person believed that children were born with a blank slate?

John Locke

According to the social learning theory, behaviors and personalities develop as people...

Model themselves after people they admire or associate themselves with.

Trust vs. Mistrust is Erikson's developmental stage which occurs while a...

Infant

What is the earliest sound a child makes to communicate?

Crying

What is the ethical component of personality and provides moral standards.

Superego

The belief that you are the center of the universe...

Egocentrism

If a teacher rewards children with treats for participating in class, what type of conditioning is occurring?

Positive reinforcing

A statistical measure of typical scores for categories of information...

Developmental norm

What is the visual cliff experiment designed to test?

An infant's depth perception

The first three weeks of prenatal growth are known as?

Germinal period

After a person moves to a new area they often hear airplanes flying overhead. After a week or two, they rarely notice them. What is this an example of?

Habituation

The process of being able to identify something encountered before...

Recognition

What is telegraphic speech?

A speech pattern which eliminates function words, and keeps only the content words of a sentence.

What are Freud's psychosexual stages in order?

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

Generativity vs. Stagnation is Erikson's developmental stage which occurs while a...

Middle-age adult

A set of perceptions, ideas or actions which go together...

Schema

What does classical conditioning explain?

Reflexive reactional and Unconscious actions

According to Freud, at what age does the oral stage occur?

Birth to 1 year

What parenting style is most likely to allow discussion about what the family vacation should be, without allowing the children to make the final decision?

Authoritative

What describes the theory of fast mapping?

Children are able to learn new words and concepts after a single exposure to them.

What is true about hand dominance?

It doesn't matter if children are right or left handed. However, it is encouraged that they are one or the other, to aid in the development of fine motor skills.

What is the second stage of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Safety

What defense mechanism occurs when someone hides their feelings and does not acknowledge them?

Suppression

At what age does language expand rapidly in children?

18 months

What is true about firstborn children?

Although not all firstborn children follow the same stereotype, they tend to fall into two distinct groups, either compliant or aggressive.

What type of research is conducted by watching the subject?

Naturalistic obeservation

According to Freud, a child being potty trained is in which stage of psychosexual development?

Anal

Which defense mechanism occurs when someone turns a feeling into the exact opposite feeling?

Reaction formation

Which of the following is most directly harmed by teratogens?

Fetus

If a parent grounds a child from the computer after they fail a test, what best describes the type of conditioning?

Negative punishment

Identity vs. Role Confusion is Erikson's developmental stage which occurs while a...

Adolescent

Which defense mechanism occurs when someone redirects stress into a socially productive activity?

Sublimation

What best characterizes the Preconventional stage of moral development>

Self interest and punishment orientation

Initiative vs Guilt is Erikson's development stage which occurs while a...

Preschooler

What are some extrinsic reinforcers?

Money, prizes, and food

Which is the fourth stage of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Esteem Needs

What is an example of Maslow's first level of needs?

Food

List the levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs from lowest to highest..

Physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization

The ability to group objects together on the basis of common features...

Classification

According to Freud, at what age does the phallic stage occur?

3-6 years old

Which stage of moral development is characterized by adherence to universal ethical principles?

Postconventional

What is an example of Maslow's third level of needs?

Love

What is when a variable from conditioning carries over to another related area?

Stimulus generalization

What best describes self-actualization?

The need to understand and fulfill one's purpose or desire in life.

Ritalin is a well-known drug used to treat...

Hyperactivity

When a baby repeats things that is has heard it is called...

Echolalia

According to Maslow's theory, what is true?

A person must feel safe to have self-esteem.

What is true of operant conditioning?

B.F. Skinner is the person most associated with it, a person associates an action with a consequence, and it best explains elective actions.

When something is measurable in number it is...

Quantitative

What number represents a strong correlation?

+1.0

What are the steps in the scientific method?

Gather information, Generate hypothesis, Test hypothesis, Revise

Which defense mechanism occurs when someone redirects their feelings, positive or negative, towards someone else?

Projection

Dr. Smith studied a brother and sister for three years. This represents...

A case study

The process by which a person takes material into their mind from the environment is...

Assimilation

Which system is vunerable for the most time after conception?

Central nervous system

According to Freud, at what age does the genital stage occur?

Adolescence

According to Erikson, what is the first stage of development?

Trust vs Mistrust

When an infant no longer responds to a new toy he is showing...

Habituation

An infant startling at a noise is what type of reflex?

Simple

What are theories based on the idea that our actions are deeply influenced by our unconcious?

Psychoanalytical

What theorists are concerned with the effects of various types of conditioning?

Learning

According to Erikson's stages of development, toddler's exploring their environments are in which stage?

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Which theorist was a humanist?

Maslow

From week eight until conception is know as what?

Fetus period

The amount of words spoken in a sentence is linked to...

Mean length of utterance

According to Freud's personality theory, what is present at birth?

Id

What describes growth from the head downward?

Cephalocaudal (means head develops faster than the rest of the body)

Social smile appears at how many weeks?

7

What are Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational

Aggression in 4 and 5 year olds is usually related to what?

Possession

A parent who makes few demands on a child shows what parenting style?

Permissive

According to Piaget's theory, if a child uses a carrot as a gun during symbolic play, they are...

Learning through the use of symbolic play.

According to John Bowlby's attachment theory, if a child feels their caregiver is nearby and attentive...

They feel confident to explore their surroundings.

What term describes the gradual loss of hearing which occurs with aging?

Presbycusis

Who is most associated with the idea of operant conditioning?

B. F Skinner

When someone assumes they will fail and do not even try to complete a task this is called...

Learned helplessness

When is anoxia most likely a problem for infants?

During birth

A parent who ignores a child's temper tantrum is hoping to discourage future tantrums by...

Extinction

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, in what stage can a person comprehend abstract thought?

Formal operational

Who coined the term modeling?

Bandura

What term describes growth from the spine outward?

Proximodistal

About how long does it take to develop the muscles necessary for the eye to focus?

2 months

At what age does hand preference begin to manifest?

2-3 years

Which of the following best describes the morphemes in the word "unbreakable"?

1 bound and 2 free

What theory was developed by Susan Carey?

Fast mapping, by her and Elsa Bartlett in 1978

Who is most associated with the idea of classical conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov (bells and dogs)

What is the main focus of social learning theory?

Learning and development through the process of modeling.

According to Freud, a child who hasn't reached puberty and who mostly plays with friends of the same gender is in what stage of psychosexual development?

Latency

What are Kohlberg's three levels of moral development in order?

Preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Who has the highest risk of anoxia?

Infants born prematurely

What body parts are involved in determining visual acuity?

Brain and Fovea

What are some general characteristics of the firstborn child?

Develop language skills faster, Natural leaders, Natural teachers

What is the term which describes a toddler who communicates in single word phrases such as "baba"?

Holophrase syntax

What are some teratogens?

Alcohol, Tobacco, HIV, Radiation