Biology Unit 1 AOS 1

AOS 1 SAC STUDY

Cell size & shape: Longitudinal section goes:

Down ways

Cell size & shape: The cross/traverse section goes:

Across the horizontal axis

Cell size & shape: The oblique section goes:

Across a diagonal cut

Define area

Area is the amount of coverage of a surface.

What are the four macromolecules?

Protein, Lipids, Ribonucleic acid and Carbohydrates.

What are the monomer subunits of Carbohydrates?

Glucose and other sugars like fructose.

What are the monomer subunits of lipids?

Fatty acids and glycerol.

What are the monomer subunits of proteins?

Amino acids.

What are the monomer subunits of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides.

The smaller and thinner an object:

the more efficient the SA:V ratio is.

What are examples of Carbohydrates?

Starch, glycogen and cellulose.

What are examples of Lipids?

Phospholipids, fats and oils.

What are examples of Protein?

Insulin, collagen and haemoglobin.

What are examples of Nucleic Acid?

DNA & RNA

What is the external environment?

A watery environment which is the name of the fluid that all unicellular cells live in.

What is the internal environment?

A watery environment which is the name of the fluid that all multicellular cells exist in, some examples of this are, blood plasma, tissue fluid or lymph fluid.

How many cells have a plasma membrane?

ALL OF THEM!!!!!!

How many membrane bound organelles have a membrane?

ALL OF THEMMMM!!!!!!!

How many cristae & thylakoid in chloroplast and mitochondria have a membrane.

ALLL OFFFF THEMMMMMM!!!!!!!!!!!!!

What are the parts of a phospholipid?

Hydrophobic tail & hydrophilic head.

What are the two different types of membrane protein structures?

Integral proteins and peripheral proteins.

What is the difference between integral and peripheral proteins?

Integral proteins are permanently embedded within the lipid bilayer, while peripheral proteins are temporarily attached to the surface.

What is tissue fluid mostly composed of?

Water

What is the fluid on the inside of a cell?

It is called the cytosol

What is the cell theory?

All living things are made of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; all cells come from pre-existing cells

What are the two main types of cells?

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A simple cell without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A complex cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

What is a hypothesis?

A testable prediction based on prior knowledge

What is a variable?

A factor that can change in an experiment

Difference between independent and dependent variables?

Independent is changed; dependent is measured

What is reliability in experiments?

Consistency of results when repeated

What are ethical considerations in biology?

Moral guidelines for conducting experiments responsibly

Why are ethics important?

To ensure safety fairness and respect for living organisms

What is the function of the nucleus?

Controls cell activities and contains DNA

What do mitochondria do?

Produce energy ATP through respiration

What is the function of ribosomes?

Protein synthesis

What is the role of the cell membrane?

Controls movement of substances in and out

Why are cells small?

To maintain a high surface area to volume ratio

Why is surface area to volume ratio important?

It affects how efficiently substances move in and out

What is the fluid mosaic model?

Describes the membrane as flexible with proteins in a lipid bilayer

What is the membrane made of?

Phospholipids proteins cholesterol and carbohydrates

What is diffusion?

Movement of particles from high to low concentration

What is osmosis?

Movement of water across a semi permeable membrane

Does passive transport require energy?

No

What is active transport?

Movement of substances against the concentration gradient

Does active transport require energy?

Yes ATP

How do prokaryotic cells divide?

Binary fission

What happens in binary fission?

DNA replicates and the cell splits into two identical cells

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

Interphase mitosis cytokinesis

What happens in mitosis?

Division of the nucleus into two identical nuclei

What is apoptosis?

Programmed cell death

Why is apoptosis important?

Removes damaged or unnecessary cells

What are stem cells?

Undifferentiated cells that can become specialised

Types of stem cells?

Embryonic adult induced pluripotent

Why are stem cells important?

Used in medical treatments and research