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What does PICO stand for?
Participants, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome
T/F A hypothesis predicts the outcome of the study
True
EBP
Client perspective, clinical expertise, evidence
Highest level of research for EBP
Randomized Control Trial (RCT)
Effectiveness
Therapy outcome in real world
Independent (active) variable
controlled or manipulated
Mean, Medians, SD are classified a what type of statistics?
descriptive statistics
non-empirical research
using existing research
What does EBP improve?
accountability, satisfaction, professionalism
What does a type 1 error do?
rejects a null hypothesis when it is true
What does descriptive statistics do?
analyze data to help describe and see meaningful patterns
External validity
results can be generalized to subjects, tasks , and environments
efficacy
ability to produce desired results
Parametric statistics include that type of tests?
T-tests and ANOVA
Non-parametric statistics
distribution is skewed and nominal or ordinal data is skewed
non-expirimental design
study that measures outcomes of treatment without control group
dependent (attribute) variable
aspect of event that needs to be explained or studied. the effect
inferential statistics
numerical data that allow one to generalize-to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population
descriptive statistics
numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation
informed consent
voluntary and educated participation
3 basic ethical principles
respect for persons, beneficence (intent of doing good), justice (fairness)
Institutional review board
look at risk- benefit ratio, equitible selection of subjects, informed consent, and confidentiality
PICOT
Population intervention comparison outcome time (research question)
basic research
explores questions but not intended to be used immediately. no intention of solving a problem or practical application
empirical research
collection of new information through observation of behavior and /or physical properties
non-empirical research
making use of existing information
quantitative
data driven, numbers and percentages, concrete and objective. descriptive and inferential stats
reliability and validity - is data accurate and consistent?
qualitative
design thinking , quotes / expressions, abstract and subjective. descriptive. is data believable , interviews and observations, focus on discovery “explore”
experimental
rct. rare in csd. labs
Quasi experimental research
most common in csd. participants not randomly assigned. has control group or multiple measurements
non-experimental
no random assignment. no comparison group. typically observe behavior without inferring cause and effect. seeking info about incidence or prevalence
continuous variable
can be independent, dependent. variables that have order and equal size intervals
type 2 error
failing to reject a false null hypothesis
reliability
consistency of measurement
validity
measurement that accurately reflects what it was intended to measure
APA format for journals
Author name (year). Article title. / journal title, volume number (issue or part #) /, page #. DOI or URL
APA format for books
Author. (Year). / title:subtitle/ (edition). Publisher
levels of measurement
nominal, ordinal , interval , ratio
parametric statistics
Normal distribution, interval or ratio measurement, means and SD, quantitative data, Ttest, ANOVA
non-parametric statistics
Distribution free, skewed distribution, nominal or ordinal measurement, percentage and proportions, qualitative, Chi square, test of independence
internal validity
Extent to which we can draw cause and-effect inferences from a study
External validity
Extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings
What is the levels of evidence hierarchy?
Systematic review of RCT
randomized control trials
nonrandomized controlled trial
one group trial with pretest and post test
case reports and expert opinion
What are 5 types of questions relevant to writing an evidenced based question
efficacy of an intervention
usefulness of an assessment
description of a condition
prediction of an outcome
lived experience of a client
Experimental study =
Cause and effect , comparison in groups, effects in the title
Name the dependent variable, and why is it ___ ..
“researcher is interested in the effect of the intervention on the communication skills of the participants”
Dependent = communication skills
b/c its whats measured and can be referred to as an outcome variable
control variable
remains constant- they are controlled by the design of the study or statistical procedures used
variability
spread of scores in a distribution
range
lowest and highest scores
SD
what happens if all 3 SD are different?
most common measure of variability
frequency distribution=different
Use anova when more than 2 means are compared use an
ANOVA
What are threats to external validity?
sampling error, poor ecological validity
What is an efficacy study
emphasizes internal validity and examines whether an intervention is effective under ideal conditions
ex. you can be more confident that intervention is what made difference in study
What is effectiveness study
conditions more reflective of real-world practice
Note 
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