EBP 1

What does PICO stand for?

Participants, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome

T/F A hypothesis predicts the outcome of the study

True

EBP

Client perspective, clinical expertise, evidence

Highest level of research for EBP

Randomized Control Trial (RCT)

Effectiveness

Therapy outcome in real world

Independent (active) variable

controlled or manipulated

Mean, Medians, SD are classified a what type of statistics?

descriptive statistics

non-empirical research

using existing research

What does EBP improve?

accountability, satisfaction, professionalism

What does a type 1 error do?

rejects a null hypothesis when it is true

What does descriptive statistics do?

analyze data to help describe and see meaningful patterns

External validity

results can be generalized to subjects, tasks , and environments

efficacy

ability to produce desired results

Parametric statistics include that type of tests?

T-tests and ANOVA

Non-parametric statistics

distribution is skewed and nominal or ordinal data is skewed

non-expirimental design

study that measures outcomes of treatment without control group

dependent (attribute) variable

aspect of event that needs to be explained or studied. the effect

inferential statistics

numerical data that allow one to generalize-to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

descriptive statistics

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation

informed consent

voluntary and educated participation

3 basic ethical principles

respect for persons, beneficence (intent of doing good), justice (fairness)

Institutional review board

look at risk- benefit ratio, equitible selection of subjects, informed consent, and confidentiality

PICOT

Population intervention comparison outcome time (research question)

basic research

explores questions but not intended to be used immediately. no intention of solving a problem or practical application

empirical research

collection of new information through observation of behavior and /or physical properties

non-empirical research

making use of existing information

quantitative

data driven, numbers and percentages, concrete and objective. descriptive and inferential stats

reliability and validity - is data accurate and consistent?

qualitative

design thinking , quotes / expressions, abstract and subjective. descriptive. is data believable , interviews and observations, focus on discovery “explore”

experimental

rct. rare in csd. labs

Quasi experimental research

most common in csd. participants not randomly assigned. has control group or multiple measurements

non-experimental

no random assignment. no comparison group. typically observe behavior without inferring cause and effect. seeking info about incidence or prevalence

continuous variable

can be independent, dependent. variables that have order and equal size intervals

type 2 error

failing to reject a false null hypothesis

reliability

consistency of measurement

validity

measurement that accurately reflects what it was intended to measure

APA format for journals

Author name (year). Article title. / journal title, volume number (issue or part #) /, page #. DOI or URL

APA format for books

Author. (Year). / title:subtitle/ (edition). Publisher

levels of measurement

nominal, ordinal , interval , ratio

parametric statistics

Normal distribution, interval or ratio measurement, means and SD, quantitative data, Ttest, ANOVA

non-parametric statistics

Distribution free, skewed distribution, nominal or ordinal measurement, percentage and proportions, qualitative, Chi square, test of independence

internal validity

Extent to which we can draw cause and-effect inferences from a study

External validity

Extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings

What is the levels of evidence hierarchy?

1. Systematic review of RCT
2. randomized control trials
3. nonrandomized controlled trial
4. one group trial with pretest and post test
5. case reports and expert opinion

What are 5 types of questions relevant to writing an evidenced based question

1. efficacy of an intervention
2. usefulness of an assessment
3. description of a condition
4. prediction of an outcome
5. lived experience of a client

Experimental study =

Cause and effect , comparison in groups, effects in the title

Name the dependent variable, and why is it ___ ..

“researcher is interested in the effect of the intervention on the communication skills of the participants”

Dependent = communication skills

b/c its whats measured and can be referred to as an outcome variable

control variable

remains constant- they are controlled by the design of the study or statistical procedures used

variability

spread of scores in a distribution

range

lowest and highest scores

SD

what happens if all 3 SD are different?

most common measure of variability

frequency distribution=different

Use anova when more than 2 means are compared use an

ANOVA

What are threats to external validity?

sampling error, poor ecological validity

What is an efficacy study

emphasizes internal validity and examines whether an intervention is effective under ideal conditions

ex. you can be more confident that intervention is what made difference in study

What is effectiveness study

conditions more reflective of real-world practice