Regeneration

Regeneration

Rebranding

Reimaging

Regeneration

Rebranding

Reimaging

Regeneration

• The processs of improving an urban or rural place by making positive changes which may include redevelopment or renewal

Rebranding

• Creating a new look or reputation for an area to rebrand a place for visitors or investors, may also inlude renaming of places e.g. Brönte country

Reimaging

• How the image of a place is changed e.g. how its portrayed in the media

• Term used by those in charge of regeneration and rebranding, and tourism agencies when developing images for particular places

Economic change

Primary Sector

• Producing food crops and raw materials

Secondary Sector

• Manufactouring finished products

Tertiary Sector

• Providing services, either:

• Private (retail, tourism)

• Public (healthcare, education)

Quaternary Sector

• Providing specialised services in finance and law, or industries such as IT and biotechnology

UK economic change

• Decline of primary and secondary sectors (old economy)

• Growth of tertiary and quaternary sectors (post-industrial economy)

Changes between 1980 and 2015

• Primary decreased 45%

• Secondary decreased 43%

• Tertiary increased 49%

• Quaternary increased 113%

Clark - Fisher Model

As a country developes, primary industries decline (UK industrial revolution) as secondary industries increase. As globalisation shifts manufacturing towards Asia and less developed countries (global shift), and standards of living in the UK increase, secondary industries decline and tertiary becomes one of the leading industries, with quaternary also increasing

Regional inequalities: UK

High incomes in London

• Capital city

• Major company headquarters

• Large Quaternary sector (London Docklands major IT hub)

• Job availability

London has the highest % of students with GCSE passes and adults with a university degree

• This relationship is linked with employment - those with higher qualifications are more likely to live in London/ move there

• Then their children are more likely to pass GCSEs with high grades as a result of paid extra tuition, or a culture of doing homework

Low incomes Midlands

• Global shift

• Deindustrialiation

• Brain drain

• Declining secondary sectors

Purpose for regeneration

Regeneration is done to create a balance and eradicate social and economic inequalities. By regenerating an area, business opportunities arise which improve social facilities and overall quality of life and wellbeing

Engagement and experience of a place

• There are also variations in the level of community engagement, measured through local and nation election attendance, the number of community activities and the number of developed and supported local community groups

• If an areas is said to be more deprived, it will have a weaker and poorly integrated community; this can be managed by creating social groups and encouraging members to join

• The lived experience and attachment of places varies according to: Age, Gender, Ethnicity, Length of residence, Levels of Deprivation & Economic Background

Conflicts can occur between different groups in communities who have contrasting views on priorities and strategies for regeneration. The causes to these conflicts can be due to the lack of political engagement and representation, ethnic tensions, inequality and lack of economic opportunity

Attachment and engagement

Why does attachment and engagement vary?

• Population density

• Length of residence

• Ethnicity (language, cultures)

• Social climate(e.g. COVID)

• Age (university, retired, childhood)

• Gender (gender dominatedd sports, expectations of women/mothers to be more involved)

• Economic status (economic freedom and time, working locally, working from home)

• Family or single

The role of UK Government Policies

By investing in infrastructure, such as high speed rails and airport developments, UK governments can maintain growth and improve accessibility to regenerate regions

• Government actions may prioritise national over local needs and opinions which can delay regeneration projects and therefore worsen inequalities

• UK government decisions about international migration and the deregulation of capital markets (allowing for foreign investment in London real estate) significantly impact growth and direct/indirect investment

The role of local Government Policies

Local governments compete to create business environments with designated areas for development to attract domestic and foreign investors

• Local interest groups are vital in decision-making and creating regeneration projects

• However, there is often conflict between these groups as interests differ

Urban and rural regeneration strategies include:

• Retail-led Plans: Creates business and job opportunities

• Tourism: Brings money into the area and provides a flow of culture and positive media attention

• Leisure and Sport: Allows for community integration and social wellbeing

Cumulative causation

The idea that one initial economic change can lead to a range of other changes that follow

• The process of self-sustaining economic growth in a city or region

• Referres to positive feedbacks caused when an initial investment (e.g. a new coal mine) creates the conditions necessary for further private and public investment

Multiplier effect

• The way that economic success (e.g. opening of a new business) can help support other businesses and jobs in the local area

• Can be positive or negative

CASE STUDY: Identity

Bristol

Fators contributing to the identity of Bristol

History

• Important location for marine trade

• Prospered as a processing centre for sugar and tabacco imported from the Americas in 17th and 18th centuries

• Supplied textiles, pottery and glass to the Americas

• Historic involvement with Transatlantic slave trade, becoming a leaving slaving port

Sport

• Bristol City Football Club

Traditions

• Bristol International Balloon Fiesta (festival of hot air ballooning with teams from across UK and world joining to celebrate)

Architecture

• Mix of architectural periods present

• Medieval castle and fortified city

• Tudor mansions

• Georgian squares

CASE STUDY: Shaping a local place

Bristol

How different factors have shaped Bristol

History as port and trading centre

• Old, derelict warehouses and factories refurbished along Bristol harbourside (Mshed, Tabacco museum)

• Now lots of restaurants and bars along harbourside (leisure and toursim dominated)

Global shift

• Shift from main income through port and trading to tertiary industries

• Increase in creative industries and media (Wallice and Gromit - Aardman Animations)

• Mixed economy, high tech manufacturing (British Aerospace), financial services and ICT (Temple Quarter)

• Areas of deprivation created by global shift, closure of industries leaving uneeded warehouse space

• Containerisation doesnt allow Bristols small harbour

Largely an affluent city, with wealth concentrated in north and western areas e.g. Clifton

• More deprivation found in south and east e.g. Hartcliffe

• Many parts of the city becomming increasingly gentrified e.g. Stokes Croft

Identity and populations

• Increasingly young and diverse population due to appeal to migrants from other parts of UK and abroad (18% minority black and asian groups)

• Multiple universities adding to this trend

• 2009-2019 over 7500 jobs created from FDI

• Identity has changed as the city has become increasingly young and ethnically diverse

• Increasing gentrification can cause conflicts over identity

CASE STUDY: Contrasting place

London Docklands

Why London Docklands needed to be regenerated

• Ageing population

• Global shift, containerisation shifting docks east creating mass unemployment and derelict docks and warehouses

• Council estates

• 12,000 jobs lost between 1978-1983

• Population decline of 100,000 between 1971-1981

Achievements

• High rise buildings designed to stimulate quarternary sector, multiplier effect

• High-earning jobs create a ‘trickle down’ effect generating jobs to poorer communities

• Older people moved out, bringing out a younger woking population (average age is 31)

• Brownfield sites used

• Extension of jubilee line promoting public transport and reducing carbon emissions

• Ethnically diverse population, celebration of cltures

• Proximity to river attractive for developers

• Fast track planning permission allowing infrastructure to be built quick and cheap

• Tax breaks attracts businesses to relocate there, brings jobs into area

• Right to buy scheme, entering prive sector that benifits local economy over council

Problems

• Large scale immigration running British people out of jobs?

• Hostility created towards ethnic minorities?

• Still pockets of deprivation (2012: 27% of Newhams working population earned less than £7/h)

• Building of London City Airport, new roads and railways causing air pollution and sound pollution

• Right to buy scheme forcing lower-income people in social housing out

• Gentrification - riverside properties now viewed as desireable and therefore very expensive, big gaps created between rich and poor

CASE STUDY: Comparing Bristol Harbourside and London Docklands

Similarities

• Both historically major ports of great significance that had to be relocated to accomodate deeper waters due to containerisation, leaving area derelict

• Mass industry closure and job loss, population decline

• Redevelopment financed by a mixture of public and private money

Differences

• London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) given planning powers that passed local councils, allowing companies to obtain tax breaks on new buildings to attract investors

• London has been re-imaged as a financial district, Bristol re-imaged as creative sector, focusing on media and art (WeTheCurious, M-shed, Watershed)

• Bristol embraced ‘most’ history surrounding the port with museums (SS great Britain, Steam train rides), heavy tourism, whearas London is more business based with office buildings

CASE STUDY: Community and belonging

Bethnal Green

Bethnal Green in the 1950s

• Small, independent, local shops

• Strong familial ties

• Working locally, directly contributing to local economy

• Working locally means seeing / knowing same people everyday

• Poor working class community, a common aspect between all - no alienation

• Small terrace housing, everyone is close proximity with back-to-back gardens

• Lack of communication devices forcing people to communicate with locals, going outside to play

Bethnal Green now

• Jobs arent located locally, lack of presence of people during day

• Lack of local shops and interaction due to uprising of Amazon, online supermarkets

• Online communications, people arent forced to communicate locally

• Migration

Measuring change

Index of Multiple Deprivation

Index of Multiple Deprivation

• Uses seven data domains weighted towards income and employment

Measuring impacts of regeneration

Social

• Health (% in poor health)

• Education (% seeking higher education, % passed english and maths GCSE)

• Crime (crime rates, recorded crimes)

• Deprivation (% living in deprivation, % living below poverty line, socail housing)

Economic

• Employment (unemployment rate, % in full time employment)

• Income (minimum wage, median income)

Environmental

• Green space (% coverage of public green spaces, air quality index, EQS survey)

CASE STUDY: Successful places?

Sydney ‘Sun Belt’

Sydney is part of an economically successful region along Australia’s South-East coast, stretching 2000km from Brisbane to Melbourne

• Strengths in the quaternary sector

• $337 billion GDP in 2013 (Australia’s largest)

• Young, economically active workforce (median age of 36 compared to UK’s 41)

• Half of Australias top 500 companies located there

• Environment attracts business (beaches, harbour and climate)

• Leading financial centre for the Asia-Pacific region

• Governments have embraced globalisation by deregulating banking and finance (allowing any overseas bank to operate there), and focusing on the country’s inwards migration policy on well-qualified professionals (points system)

• 7th highest average income in the world

• Because of demand, property is extremely expensive

• However it also ranks 10th in the world for quality of life

However, some of Australia’s remote rural areas are losing young people and their skills (brain drain)

CASE STUDY: Successful places?

Middlesborough

Why is regeneration neccessary?

• Unemployment 14% (twice national average)

• High levels of deprivation (among worst in country)

• Poor educational standards (1 in 3 schools requiring improvement)

• Population decline due to out migration

• Outward migration has resulted in a concentration of povery and an ageing population

• Around 20,000 people have left since 1990

Causes of decline

• Global shift causing deindustrialisation and closure of manufacturing industries (negative multiplier effect)

• Closure of S.S.I. steelworks in 2015 has led to a negative multiplier effect on the local economy

• 2008 Global reccession caused closure of remaining small-scale businesses and services

• A failure to attract new investment and to create jobs to replace those lost

Functions and characteristics

• The city has become more diverse due to international migration but less so than other more successful cities (11 % ethnic minority population)

• Cheap accomodation in the city has been used to house aylum seekers resulting in tensions that were reported in the national media

• Lack of opportunities has lowered motivations for academic achievement

• Young, bright people move away for better oppurtunities, driving away skilled workforce

Environment

• Dumping of waste affects quality of life and creates health and safety problems

CASE STUDY: Explaining success of places

Middlesbrough and Bristol

Middlesbrough

Accessibility

• Not on the UK motorway network or a mainline train route

• Long distance from London

Connectedness

• Local airport has struggled to attract passengers

• Limited higher education oppurtunities

History

• A centre for industrial revolution mining, shipping, engineering, steel and petrochemicals - many of there industries now closed

Planning

• Almost a forgotten corner of the North East

• Never benifited from government regional investment

• Recieved EU funding as a transition town, but ceased after Brexit 2020

Bristol

Accessibility

• Located on the M4

• Good rail links to London (direct trains)

Connectedness

• Major airport serving the South West of the UK (Bristol Airport)

• Major universities (Russel group)

• Part of M4 growth corridor

History

• Historical port that has been successfully regenerated to suit tertiary and quarternary sectors

Planning

• Close to rural areas, attractive place to live

Core Periphery Model

Core

• Successful

• Attracts investment

• At expense of periphery

• Bring high profit value added goods to periphery and semi periphery areas

Periphery

• Unsuccessful

• Benifits core areas due to outward migration of people seeking higher education and jobs

• ‘Brain drain’

• Brings low-wage labour and raw materials to core and semi-periphery areas

CASE STUDY: Rebranding Rural Places

Brontë Country

Post production countryside

• Rural villages with ties to English Literature and heritage receive large national and international tourists, which can benefit local businesses (shops, accomodation, cafes) and local people (employment opportunities)

• In Haworth (where the Brontë sisters grew up), regeneration is focused on attracting more tourists by refronting shops in a victorian style and running events (e.g. 1940s weekend, hosting the Tour de France)

CASE STUDY: Regenerating Rural Places

Cornwall

Why does Cornwall need regeneration?

• Post-production countryside

• Suffers from rural depopulation

• ‘Periphery’

• Far from ‘core’ regions and economic hubs, not ideal for businesses

• Poorly serviced by transport infrastructure

• ‘Old’ economy based on primary sector

• Tin prices collapsed due to cheaper supply overseas

• European quotas on fishing means that is also declining

• Seasonal toursim, unsustainable income

• Gentrification

• Ageing population

Newquay Aerohub

A partnership between Cornwall Council and private sector investors

• Process of diversifying Cornwalls economy away from tourism dependence

• Aims to attract investment from an viation and aerospace ‘hub’

• Hoped that 700 high value, skilled permanent jobs would be generated in the first year

• By 2016 only 450 jobs had been created

• Building on greenfield sites

Watergate Bay, Newquay

• Extreme Sports Academy targets young adults, offering courses in surfing, water skiing, and kite surfing

• Watergate Bay Hotel open year-round and employ 60 people

• Jamie Oliver's ‘Fifteen’ opened in 2006 and trains young people in catering - fifteen 16-24 year olds from disadvantaged backgrounds selected for training each year (work at restaurant and train at college)

EDEN Project

• Built on the site of a former quarry

• Year round science/ education attraction

• In its first ten years 13 million visited, generated an extra £1 billion for cornish economy, employed 700 people directly and made 3000 jobs elsewhere (positive multiplier effect)

• Now making use of geo-thermal energy to heat rainforest biome dome and will soon provide renewable geothermal energy for 7000 local homes

• Using science/ environment as a strategy to regenerate

• Largely deemed sucessful but negatives include traffic generated and cost (£140 million)

Combined Universities

• Increased range of uni courses and developed knowledge economy

• University College Falmouth and Exeter University joined forces to create the CUC together with Penwith and Truro colleges

• Also helps graduates set up own businesses or secure jobs in knowledge companies in area - trying to reduce 'brain drain'

• Student economy in Falmouth has resulted in healthy property rental market and thriving economy of bars and restaurants