Botany Lecture Exam 1 Study Guide

What are the differences between Prokaryote and eukaryote cells?

Prokaryotic cells are single-celled, no membrane bound organelles, and no nucleus while Eukaryotic cells are single or multi-cellular, have membrane bounded organelles, and a nucleus

How many domains are there?

Three. Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Heterocysts

Nitrogen fixing cell

Akinetes

Thick walled cells that resist adverse conditions

Phycobilins

Red and blue pigments

Cyanophycin

Stores nitrogen

What pigments do Cyanobacteria have?

Chlorophyll A, carotenoids and phycobiliproteins

Where is the pigment located in cyanobacteria?

In the thylakoids

What domain and kingdom are Cyanobacteria in?

Domain Bacteria and Kingdom Bacteria (formerly known as Monera)

Do Cyanobacteria have chloroplasts?

No

How does Cyanobacteria reproduce?

By fission

What is fission?

Where there is no mitosis, the DNA strand duplicates and is distributed to new cells

Are protists eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Eukaryotic

Which dominates: unicellular or multicellular? (in the world)

Unicellular

List the animal-like protists

Ameoba, Stentor, Vorticella, Paramecium

What phylum are amoebas in?

Amoebazoa

What phylum are flagellates in?

Sarcomastigophora

What phylum are ciliates in?

Cilophora

What phylum are non-motile protists in?

Ampicomplexa

Phylum of diatoms?

Chromophyta

Phylum with multicellular algae

Rhodophyta

What do flagellates have in place of the cell wall?

Pellicle

Function of red eye spot?

Light detection

Gullet function

Ingests food

The functions of paramecium macro and micronucleus?

The macro nucleus controls daily cell functions and asexual reproduction. The micro nucleus controls sexual reproduction

What Protista are in phylum chlorophyta?

Chlamydomonas- green algae, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, Oedogonium, Chlorella, Desmids, Hydrodictyon (water nets), Acetabularia (mermaid’s
wineglass, Volvox, and Ulva (sea lettuce).

What causes red tide?

Microscopic algae

Dinoflagellates phylum?

Dinophyta

What protist gives you algin? What is algin used for?

Brown algae. Algin is used to make medicine. Algin is used to lower cholesterol levels and to reduce the amount of heavy chemicals including strontium, barium, tin, cadmium, manganese, zinc, and mercury that are taken up by the body. Algin is also used for the prevention and treatment of high blood pressure.

What protist gives you agar? What is it used for?

Agar is a gelatin-like substance from red seaweed that can be used to make sweet foods, as a thickener for soft foods, and is also very important for microbiologists. In a microbiology lab, scientists use agar to create a solid growing area mixed with nutrients for the bacteria they want to culture and identify.

What do Blue green algae and Green algae have in common?

They both are photosynthetic and form algae blooms

What is a petiole?

The stalk that joins the leaf to the stem

What is a lamina?

The flat, extended, portion of the leaf that contains the chloroplasts. Also known as the blade.

What is a stipule?

The little outgrowth at the base of the petiole that looks like a baby leaf. Could have one or two.

What is a vascular bundle?

The leaf’s veins. Contains xylem and phloem.

Compound and simple leaf

You know this.

What are stomata and guard cells?

Stomata are tiny pores that allow for carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to diffuse out. Guard cells control water loss by opening and closing stomata.

What is guttation?

Root pressure forces water out hydathodes at tips of leaf veins in some plants.

What is transpiration?

Where water evaporates from leaf surface.

What is the epidermis?

Single layer of cells covering the entire surface of the leaf.

What is the cuticle?

A protective waxy covering over the epidermis.

What regulates guard cells closing and opening?

Changes in amount of water in guard cells, presence of light, high concentration of CO2, abscisic acid. They open and close in response to potassium leaving or entering the stomata. (slides 19-20)

What are the two types of mesophyll and how are they different?

Palisade mesophyll: contains most of leaves chloroplasts. Spongy mesophyll: facilitates gas exchange.

What is the function of bulliform cells in monocot plants?

Partly collapse under dry conditions causing leaf to roll, which reduces amount of transpiration.

Venation in monocot vs dicot

Monocots: parallel venation. Dicots: Primary veins divergent in various ways =
netted or reticulate venation.

Differences in shade and sun leaves

– Compared to sun leaves, shade leaves:
• Tend to be larger
• Tend to be thinner
• Have fewer well-defined mesophyll layers and fewer chloroplasts
• Have fewer hairs
Also look at page 31 because its a lot

What is diffusion?

The passing of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

What are deciduous plants?

You know this. Think about it.

What is abscission?

The process by which leaves are shed.

What is an auxiliary bud?

Located along stem, will turn into branches, leaves, or flowers in flowering plants.

What is the terminal bud.

Ahem. You know this.

What is the protoderm?

Gives rise to the epidermis.

What is the procambium?

Produces xylem and phloem.

What is the ground meristem?

Produces pith and meristem, both made from parenchyma cells.

What is the apical meristem?

Located at stem tip. Contributes to increase in stem length. Dormant before growing
season begins. Protected by bud scales and by leaf primordia.

Where is the vascular cambium?

In between the xylem and phloem.

Function of cork cambium.

Reduce water loss and protect stem against injury.

Function of lenticles

Gas exchange.

Osmosis, water transport, functions of water in plants

In plants, osmosis drives water uptake from soil into root cells, and water transport occurs via xylem, driven by transpiration and the cohesion-tension mechanism, with water playing crucial roles in photosynthesis, nutrient transport, and maintaining cell turgor. Pages 56-61

The Cohesion-Tension Theory

• When water evaporates from mesophyll cells, they
develop a lower water potential than adjacent cells.
• Water moves into mesophyll cells from adjacent cells
with higher water potential.
• Process is continued until veins are reached.
• Creates tension on water columns, drawing water all
the way through entire span of xylem cells
• Water continues to enter root by osmosis.

Differences in stem morphology. Woody and herbaceous.

Woody stems are hard and woody. Herbaceous stems are soft and flexible.

Differences in monocot and dicot stems

Monocots have scattered bundles throughout the stem, while dicots have bundles arranged in a ring.

What is heartwood?

The dead center of trees. Very strong

What is sapwood?

The soft outer layers of recently formed wood between the heartwood and the bark, containing the functioning vascular tissue

What are resin ducts?

Resin ducts produce, store and translocate oleoresin, a complex terpenoid mixture that acts as both a physical and a chemical defence.

What are tubers?

Swollen, fleshy, underground stem
Store food
Potatoes - Eyes of potato are nodes

What are bulbs?

Large buds surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves, with a small stem at lower end.
Store food
Onions, lilies, hyacinths, tulips

What are corms?

Resemble bulbs, but composed almost entirely of stem tissue, with papery leaves.
Store food
Crocus and gladiolus