NEUROPSYCH TEST 1

CSULB Neuropsych 342 Martha

Neuroanatomy

Study of the structure of the nervous system

Number of neurons in brain

~86 billion

Neuron connections

Each neuron makes up to 30,000 connections

Nuclei (CNS)

Groups of neurons in the central nervous system

Tracts (CNS)

Groups of axons within the central nervous system

Rostral

Toward the nose (anterior)

Caudal

Toward the tail (posterior)

Dorsal

Toward the back (superior)

Ventral

Toward the front (inferior)

Medial

Toward the middle

Lateral

Toward the side

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body

Contralateral

On opposite sides of the body

Proximal

Close together

Distal

Far apart

Afferent

Movement toward the CNS

Efferent

Movement away from the CNS

Precentral gyrus

Anatomical name for primary motor cortex

Primary motor cortex

Functional name for precentral gyrus

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Connects CNS to body

Somatic Nervous System

Interacts with external world

Autonomic Nervous System

Regulates internal organs and glands

Sympathetic branch

Activates fight-or-flight response

Parasympathetic branch

Calms the body down

Bone protection of CNS

Skull and vertebral column

Dura mater

Tough outer covering of CNS

Arachnoid mater

Weblike middle layer

Pia mater

Delicate inner layer adhering to brain

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Cushions brain, removes waste

Blood–brain barrier

Chemical protection formed by astroglia

Ischemic stroke

Caused by blocked blood flow

Hemorrhagic stroke

Caused by burst blood vessel

t-PA

Clot-busting drug for ischemic stroke

Cerebral arteries

Supply blood to specific brain regions

Veins of brain

Return blood to heart; do not follow arteries

Neural stem cells

Undifferentiated precursors of neurons and glia

Neuroblasts

Develop into neurons

Glioblasts

Develop into glial cells

Sensory neurons

Transduce information from environment

Motor neurons

Project to muscles to produce movement

Interneurons

Connect sensory and motor neurons in CNS

Bipolar neuron

One dendrite, one axon

Somatosensory neuron

Single projection from soma

Gray matter

Neuronal cell bodies + capillaries

White matter

Myelinated axons

Reticular matter

Mixture of gray and white, netlike appearance

Prosencephalon

Embryonic forebrain

Telencephalon

Cortex + basal structures

Diencephalon

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Mesencephalon

Midbrain

Rhombencephalon

Hindbrain

Metencephalon

Pons and cerebellum

Myelencephalon

Medulla oblongata

Nucleus (CNS)

Group of cell bodies in CNS

Ganglion (PNS)

Group of cell bodies in PNS

Tract

Axon pathway inside CNS

Nerve

Axon pathway outside CNS

Ventricles

CSF-filled cavities in brain

Lateral ventricles

Located in telencephalon

Third ventricle

At brain midline

Fourth ventricle

Between cerebellum and brainstem

Dermatome

Skin region served by a spinal nerve

Spinal cord segments

31 total spinal segments

Cervical spinal nerves

8 pairs, control arms

Thoracic spinal nerves

12 pairs, control trunk

Lumbar spinal nerves

5 pairs, control legs

Sacral spinal nerves

5 pairs

Coccygeal spinal nerves

1 pair

Bell-Magendie Law

Dorsal roots = sensory, ventral roots = motor

Dorsal root

Carries sensory input to spinal cord

Ventral root

Carries motor output from spinal cord

Paraplegia

Loss of control of legs, injury below cervical region

Quadriplegia

Loss of control of arms and legs, cervical injury

Spinal reflex

Automatic behavior without brain input

Flexion reflex

Withdrawal from pain

Extension reflex

Response to fine touch

Cranial nerves

12 pairs, head/neck/organ innervation

Olfactory nerve (I)

Smell

Optic nerve (II)

Vision

Oculomotor nerve (III)

Eye movement, pupil constriction

Trochlear nerve (IV)

Eye movement

Trigeminal nerve (V)

Face sensation, chewing

Abducens nerve (VI)

Eye movement

Facial nerve (VII)

Taste, facial expression

Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

Hearing, balance

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

Taste, throat sensation

Vagus nerve (X)

Parasympathetic control of organs

Accessory nerve (XI)

Neck muscles

Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

Tongue movement

Referred pain

Organ pain felt in surface region

Heart referred pain

Pain felt in arms and shoulders

Kidney referred pain

Pain felt in back

Brainstem divisions

Diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain

Cerebellum

Coordinates motor learning and posture

Reticular formation

Controls arousal; damage = unconsciousness

Pons

Bridge between cerebellum and brain

Medulla

Controls vital functions like breathing, heart rate

Tectum

Roof of midbrain, sensory relay

Superior colliculi

Visual reflex center in midbrain