AP Psychology - Unit 13: Psychotherapy

trepanning

the drilling of holes in skull to release demons

exorcisms

the bringing of humans to the brink of death to release demons

asylums

hospitals for the mentally ill for the purpose of containment

Dr. Philippe Pinel

- French physician during 1790s

- worked in medical hospitals and asylums

- advocated for more humane treatment of asylum patients

- remove shackles and allow more freedom so patients will behave better

Dr. Jean Martin Charcot

- French neuroscientist and professor of anatomical pathology

- used hypnosis to treat hysteria

Joseph Breuer

- Austrian physician

- Cathartic Method: talking therapy

- under hypnosis

Bertha Pappenheim (Anna O)

- developed paranoia and delusions from childhood trauma

-treated by Breuer and Freud with hypnosis/talking therapy

Dorthea Dix

- American social reformer and nurse

- advocated for more humane treatment of mentally ill

- major figure in modernizing nursing practices

deinstitutionalization

reducing the number of patients in psychiatric hospitals by transitioning them to community-based mental health services

evidence-based interventions

therapeutic approaches and treatments that are supported by scientific research and empirical evidence

- ensuring effectiveness and reliability

therapeutic alliance

collaborative and trusting relationship between a therapist and client

- crucial for effective therapy and positive treatment outcomes

psychodynamic theory

- uncovering unconscious conflicts

- past experiences

- insight: knowing will set you free

hypnosis

guided meditation to unlock unconscious

free association

talk about whatever is on the mind

- little structure, free-slowing, no censorship

dream analysis

analysis of dreams from previous night

- latent: symbols (underlying meaning)

- manifest: storyline (what's written down)

transference

patients transfer their emotions to their therapist

- artificial displacement (take out your anger on your therapist)

- against counter-transference (therapist taking out emotions on patient)

analyzing resistances

all of the patient's attempts at resisting therapy

- people block progress when they are near a break through

humanistic therapy

- all humans are good and have potential

- conscious insight, free-will, present and future (not past)

- "clients" not "patients" and "facilitators" not "therapists"

Roger's Person-Centered Therapy

providing a supportive environment where clients can achieve self-discovery and personal growth

- people are good and seek out self-growth

- atmosphere of growth

atmosphere of growth

part of Roger's Person-Centered Therapy

1. empathy

2. unconditional positive regard

3. genuine, authentic

4. active listening

active listening

reflective (rephrase, summarize, repeat, clarify) and no advice/interpretation

logo therapy

- form of humanistic-existential therapy

- finding purpose in life/meaning

- Viktor Frankl

behavioral therapy

use of learning/behavioral therapies to change behavior

(active, directive therapy)

counterconditioning

using classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors

- exposure therapy (systematic desensitization)

- aversion therapy

exposure therapy

a person slowly faces the object of anxiety

- systematic desensitization

systematic desensitization

substituting a positive (relaxed) response for a negative (fearful) response to a harmless stimulus

- help combat anxiety with relaxation techniques

- desensitization hierarchy (go slowly)

- virtual reality options as well

aversion therapy

substituting a negative (aversive) response for a positive response to a harmful stimulus

- pairs an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior

extinction procedures

weaken maladaptive responses through forced extinction

- flooding

- implosion therapy

flooding

lessen anxiety by exposing the patient to a carefully controlled environment

(ex) fear of snakes → hold a snake

implosion therapy

the patient imagines vividly the unpleasant event

(ex) fear of snakes → imagine holding a snake

operant conditioning

using punishers and reinforcements

(supplements other therapeutic techniques)

- token economy

- behavioral contracting

token economy

tangible objects are given as reinforcers for positive behaviors

- useful for kids, in-patient care, recovering alcoholics

behavioral contracting

written agreement (contract), outlining expectations for both patient and therapist

- concretely defined

modeling

- the patient observes another person responding appropriately to a situation

- mimics healthier coping strategies

(supplements other therapeutic techniques)

cognitive therapy

focus on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and beliefs

cognitive triad

the negative thought patterns about oneself, the world, and the future contribute to and sustain depression

Albert Ellis' Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT/RET)

- ABCs: activating experience, false beliefs, emotional consequence

- people recite maladaptive/false thoughts

- therapist shows patient how their thoughts are dysfunctional

Aaron Beck's Cognitive Therapy

- negative self-defeating thoughts

- therapists teach adaptive thoughts to replace maladaptive ones

selective perception

thought pattern of only paying attention to certain things

cognitive restructuring

identifying and challenging negative thought patterns and beliefs, replacing them with more positive and realistic ones to improve emotional well-being and behavior

psychotropics

drugs that alter psychological processes and state of mind (used for treatment)

antipsychotic medications

- used to alleviate/treat agitation, delusions, hallucinations (schizophrenia, bipolar)

- have tranquilizing effect

- block DA receptors

- side effects: dry mouth, tremors stiffness, jerky movements, tardive dyskinesia (involuntary facial movements)

- newer/atypical are better at treating negative symptoms (+ positive symptoms)

antidepressants

used to alleviate/treat depression symptoms

- all have side effects, take time to effect, and time to adjust

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

antidepressants

- block 5ht reuptake

tricyclics

antidepressants

- increase 5ht and NE

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)

antidepressants

- increase 5ht and NE

- diet restrictions and side effects make them a last resort antidepressant

antianxiety drugs

used to alleviate/treat anxiety (short-term)

muscle relaxers

antianxiety drugs

- reduce muscle tension

benzodiazepines

antianxiety drugs

- increase GABA

- side effects: habit forming, impair alertness and attention, dangerous for OD and driving

lithium

(mood stabilizing drug)

- used to treat bipolar symptoms

- stabilizes mood swings and reduces the frequency and severity of manic and depressive episodes

lobotomy

Antonio Egas Moniz and Walter Freeman

- severed the frontal lobe from the rest of brain

- reduced excessive/destructive symptoms

- unintended side effect: vegetative state

lesioning

destroy target areas of the brain using an electrode

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

- 150 volts pass across brain for 1-1.5 secs to trigger grand mal seizure

- goal: reset brain chemistry

- last resort (after meds) due to memory loss

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of depression

- side effects: headaches, facial muscle spasms, lightheadedness

biofeedback

using electronic monitoring to provide individuals with info about physiological processes, such as heart rate/muscle tension

- goal: learn to control them + improve health/performance

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

treatments that combine cognitive and behavioral techniques to address dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors

- goal: to improve emotional regulation and develop healthier coping strategies

- used for mild depressive disorders, anxiety related, impulse related (not the most intense conditions)

dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT)

a type of CBT that focuses on teaching skills for emotional regulation, distress tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness, and mindfulness

mindfulness

being fully aware of surroundings; present; focused

distress tolerance

teaching that you can sit in discomfort

emotion regulation

have the power to change emotions

interpersonal effectiveness

asking for what you want

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

refocusing thoughts with eye movements and bilateral stimulation

- designed to alleviate trauma

- making someone relive/retell traumatic events (makes a person feel they have a tool to cope)

self help

- books, apps, etc

- will only work if a person wants to change

group therapy

(encounter groups, T-groups)

- pros: less expensive, support system, peer pressure to change

- cons: diluted, can embroil people, irrelevant issues

community mental health programs

- target environment and community as a whole

primary: prevention (keep it from occurring)

secondary: early detection (trying to catch before out of control)

tertiary: attempt to treat (problems already exist)

couples/family therapy

- systems perspective

- problems are due to entire family system/unit

- emphasis on communication and mutual respect

"Don't should on yourself, don't should on others" - Aaron Beck

health psychology

the study of how psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors contribute to physical health and illness

psychoneuroimmunology

the study of how the brain, nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system interact and affect human health and behavior

adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)

stressful or traumatic events in childhood that can have long-lasting effects on health and well-being throughout a person's life

Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale

a way to measure your level of stress

problem-focused coping

directly managing or solving the source of stress

emotion-focused coping

managing the emotional response to stress

tend-and-befriend theory

behavioral reaction to stress that involves nurturing activities to protect oneself, seeking social support to reduce stress

positive psychology

the scientific study of human flourishing to help individuals and communities to thrive